Inerting effect of CaCO3 powder on flame spread of wood dust layer

The effect of CaCO₃ powder, a typical inert dust, on the flame spread characteristics of wood dust layers was studied using an experimental device to understand the ignition characteristics of and develop inert explosion-proof technology for deposited wood dust. The results showed that the flame spread velocity (FSV) of the mixed dust layer was affected by the dispersion effect of CaCO₃ powder and physical heat absorption. As the CaCO₃ powder mass fraction increased, the FSV of the dust layer first increased and then decreased, reaching a peak at a 50% mass fraction. Moreover, the front-end temperature of the flame gradually decreased, and the red spark faded. The combustion reaction of the mixed dust layer could be more completed, and the colour of the combustion residue changed from charcoal black to charcoal grey. The coupling effect of the initial temperature and wind speed can promote an increase in the FSV in the mixed dust layer. The Gauss–Amp model of the FSV of the wood dust layer and mass fraction of CaCO₃ powder showed that the peak of the FSV occurred when the mass fraction of CaCO₃ powder was between 40 and 50%. Thus, a good inerting and explosion-proof effect can be achieved by using CaCO₃ powder with a mass fraction of more than 50%; it can improve the whole inerting process. Inert explosion-proof technology should be considered when assessing fire and explosion risk of dust in real process industry situations.     

Using thermal analysis with kinetic calculation method to assess the thermal stability of azo compound on construction materials

The application of construction polymers in engineering and alternative materials has always occupied a place in the market. In the production process of polymer resins, initiators can be used to lower the polymerization reaction energy threshold, which can improve reaction efficiency and reduce energy loss. However, as a commonly used energetic substance in the polymerization process, azos have caused related process hazards due to their exothermic characteristics. Because of this, it is essential to examine and analyze the thermal hazard characteristics of emerging azo substances, such as 2-cyanopropan-2-imemicarbazide (CABN). Although previous literature performs the calculation on related thermal hazard parameters of CABN, there is still exists a void for discussion in estimating the reaction model to avoid analogous hazards and enhance the existing thermal analysis. Based on the past literature, the reaction model is improved with thermogravimetric analysis as evidence. The revised thermal hazard parameters are calculated as the basis of control and mitigation measures, the kinetic model is used to estimate the modified safety parameters, and in the judgment of the runaway reaction, the critical temperature of the runaway is found by analyzing the influence of slight changes in ambient temperature on the reaction temperature. The results show that the critical temperature that causes CABN to enter the runaway reaction is delayed, and the hazard is lower than in the storage situation. Therefore, the thermal hazard to CABN mainly focuses on the safety environment and measures during storage.     

不同围岩和埋深条件下高地温隧道围岩稳定性影响研究*

为了研究围岩等级及埋深对高地温隧道围岩稳定性的影响,以红河州建（个）元高速公路尼格隧道为工程背景,采用现场测试、正交试验及数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨围岩等级、埋深及温度对隧道围岩稳定的敏感性。研究结果表明:隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩等级及埋深的升高而增加,而隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩温度的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,影响隧道拱顶沉降因素主次顺序为围岩等级、埋深及温度。将数值模拟与现场监测结果对比分析,验证数值模拟的可靠性及准确性。研究结果可为类似高地温隧道设计和施工提供参考。     

西北地区近50a气温和降水极端事件的变化特征

采用1960-2009年西北地区124个气象站点的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日降水量资料,对该地区极端气候变化进行了研究探讨,并在此基础上尝试预测了未来该地区极端气候变化的情形。研究表明:近50 a以来,西北地区夏季天数、生物生长季、热夜天数、高温天数分别以2.31、2.98、1.07、0.45 d·(10 a)^-1的速度显著增加;结冰天数、最大连续霜冻天数、低温天数分别以-2.51、-1.79、-3.62 d·(10 a)^-1的趋势在显著减少;极端气温年较差也以-0.39℃·(10 a)^-1的速度在减少;除极端气温年较差外,极端温度指数和年平均气温有很好的相关性;最大的1和5天降水总量、逐年平均降水强度和持续干旱天数呈增加趋势,而中雨天数和持续降水天数呈减少趋势;除持续干旱天数外,年降水总量与其他极端降水指标有很好的相关;从空间分布和各气候区来看,极端气候增加或减少的趋势及其与年平均气温或年总降水量相关性不尽相同。     

低温条件下污泥静置沉降时间对城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能的影响

研究城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能与污泥静置沉降时间的关系,对城市污泥生物沥浸工程化应用具有指导性作用.因此,以城市生物沥浸污泥为研究对象,研究了低温条件下(5℃和15℃)污泥静置0～6d过程中,污泥pH值和脱水性能(用比阻γ表征)的变化情况.同时,对实验室污泥比阻与厢式压滤机中试结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明:温度增加将有利于污泥沉降,在实际运行中沥浸污泥可选择静置0.5d再进行压滤脱水.随着静置时间的延长,冬季(5℃)和春季(15℃)城市沥浸污泥pH值和比阻均呈逐渐上升的趋势.静置6d后,pH值分别从3.93和3.87上升到5.10和5.32,比阻γ分别从1.72×1012m·kg-1和1.76×1012m·kg-1上升到3.08×1012m·kg-1和5.82×1012m·kg-1.实验室污泥比阻测定和厢式压滤机中试结果表明,不同静置时间下污泥比阻γ与压滤机压滤脱水V-t/V曲线(V:滤液体积;t:过滤时间)斜率k呈极显著正相关关系,说明用污泥比阻γ能准确地反映出生物沥浸污泥的压滤脱水性能.这对生物沥浸技术在工程上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

复三维电极-生物膜反应器脱除饮用水中硝酸盐的试验研究

研究了连续流复三维电极-生物膜反应器在不同电流、温度和pH条件下的反硝化性能.结果表明,在电流从0mA增加至100mA的过程中,NO3--N去除率随电流增大而升高;电流为100mA时NO3--N去除率最高,达到了73.8%,出水NO3--N浓度为8.27mg.L-1;电流高于100mA时,NO3--N去除率略有下降.电流从0mA增加至150mA的过程中,NO2--N积累量先增加后减少;电流为60mA时NO2--N的积累最为严重.温度为31～35℃时,反硝化效果较好,出水NO3--N浓度低于10mg.L-1;温度为35℃时,NO3--N去除率最高,达到了85.5%.pH值为7.2～8.2时,反硝化效果较为理想,出水NO3--N浓度在10mg.L-1以下,NO2--N浓度低于1mg.L-1.该反应器具有较好的pH缓冲性能,进水pH从5.5上升至9.0的过程中,其出水pH可维持在7.6～8.2,NO3--N去除率在59.6%～80.2%.此外,电流、温度和进水pH还对氨氮的生成量和总磷的去除产生明显影响.通过复三维电极-生物膜反应器与纯电化学反应器的对比试验,对氨氮产生和总磷去除的可能原因进行了分析和探讨.     

温度对ABR反应器处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(Anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)工艺处理模拟养猪场废水,考察低温(15±1)℃、中温(35±1)℃、高温(50±1)℃等3个温度条件对ABR处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响.同时,在水力停留时间HRT为24 h,进水COD为2000 mg·L^-1的条件下,考察了不同温度条件对ABR系统出水COD、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acid, VFA)的影响.最后,采用扫描电镜和荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)分别考察了不同温度条件对污泥微生物形态、种群结构和相对丰度的影响.结果显示,中温条件下系统的COD去除率最高,保持在96%以上,而低温和高温条件下系统的COD去除率均在70%左右;温度变化对反应器内pH值的影响不大;VFA含量在中温条件下最低,表示反应器运行最稳定;FISH结果显示,中温条件下系统真细菌和古细菌的总相对丰度最高,比低温和高温条件下分别高出12%和27%.     

近19年干旱半干旱过渡区气温降雨变化特征分析

针对西北干旱半干旱区生态环境各要素的过渡特性,文章以位于干旱半干旱典型过渡区的定西市为例,通过整理其地面观测站1991-2009年较为完整的气温和降水资料,分析了定西地区气温、降水的年平均变化趋势和年代际变化特征。结果表明:近19年来,年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,突变时间为1996年;年均降水量呈下降趋势,突变时间为1995年。造成定西气候变化的主要原因有:(1)定西市所处的地理位置和地形条件的汇聚特征,由其引起的焚风效应和夏季青藏高原上空下沉气流的影响,叠加近十几年定西地区人为活动温室气体排放量的增加,是引起地面温度增高主要原因。(2)定西地区处于印度洋、太平洋和欧亚大陆三大环流的汇聚位置,既受夏季青藏高原高空辐散气流的控制,还受全球尺度大气环流振荡的影响,高空环流脊槽移动转换和深浅变化会给当地带来大范围的干湿变化。温度升高地表蒸发加大也是影响当地降水减少的原因之一。     

水泥混凝处理模拟染料废水及其循环再生利用的研究

以常见的CA-70铝酸盐水泥、32.5R硅酸盐水泥、白水泥作为混凝剂,处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水。在测定模拟废水在混凝过程中有机物含量以及pH值变化的基础上,探讨了以水泥替代传统混凝剂的可行性。依据水泥水化产物的性质,采用高温煅烧方法使混凝剂再生,实现了其循环使用的目的。研究结果表明:水泥作为混凝剂,在水化过程中能形成具有良好混凝性能的形态,对模拟染料废水中活性艳蓝X-BR去除率达90%以上,且通过高温再生后,可重复使用10次以上,出水均达到纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准。混凝污泥的沉淀性能良好,便于稳定化处理。