载溴石油焦脱除烟气痕量Hg0的动力学机理

采用化学-机械溴化法对废弃物石油焦进行改性,制得的载溴石油焦吸附剂用来脱除燃煤烟气中的痕量Hg⁰.通过比表面积及孔径分析（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）对石油焦载溴前后进行表征和分析,发现石油焦中的有机硫促进了溴的负载,且负载方式为化学吸附.通过固定床脱汞试验,并应用4种动力学模型对初始汞浓度梯度和反应温度梯度下的实验数据进行拟合分析,结果表明：温度在150℃时,载溴石油焦的汞吸附效果最优;增加烟气中痕量Hg⁰浓度能提高载溴石油焦的汞吸附速率和单位累积汞吸附量;描述化学吸附的Elovich动力学模型的拟合相关系数达到0.9999以上,说明化学吸附在载溴石油焦脱汞过程中起主导作用.     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

山地土壤—植物系统中汞污染问题的初步调查

调查研究表明：在山地大气、水体质量较好的环境中,柑橘（含汞量）有超标问题,其土壤汞有超背景值现象;而蔬菜土壤则无此问题,其原因可能是由于多年生植物从大气和土壤中富积微量汞的时间较一年生植物长,以及土壤中砂粒结合汞粘粒结合汞具有更高的生物活性     

呼和浩特盆地西部大面积富砷地下水水质检测分析

经对呼和浩特盆地西部深层水１０００ｋｍ￣２、浅层水６００ｋｍ￣２范围内进行水质检测分析，发现其深、浅两层地下水均富砷，浅水有１８．８％、深水有４０．９％的水样砷含量超过国家饮用水卫生标准。测得水体总砷中以三价砷为主。溶解氧含量低，铁、锰离子为痕量，硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐氮含量也均低，同时有低硒、高氟现象，提示该地区为富含有机质的强还原环境，有利于砷的迁移富集，对饮水型砷中毒起着促进作用。     

汞和硒对剑尾鱼Na+/K+-ATPase活性的影响

应用浸浴法研究汞(Hg)对剑尾鱼(XiphophorushelleriHeckel)鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性的影响以及硒(Se)对机体Na /K ATPase汞中毒的保护作用.结果表明,Hg和Se对剑尾鱼96hLC50分别为0.84mg/L和6.64mg/L.Hg对剑尾鱼鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性的影响相似,与对照组相比,处理d1时低浓度Hg组鳃和肝脏ATPase活性没有明显变化(P>0.05),但高浓度Hg组ATPase活性变化显著(P<0.05),至d3和d5时,酶活性均极显著下降(P<0.01),鱼鳃和肝脏酶活性分别下降32%和60%,表明Hg处理对鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性具有抑制作用.单独加Se组鱼鳃和肝脏Na /K ATPase活性在d3和d5显著提高(P<0.01).Hg Se组与Hg组相比,酶活性有明显差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),Se对剑尾鱼Hg中毒具有保护作用.剑尾鱼鳃和肝细胞Na /K ATPase活性可作为对水环境汞污染效应环境风险评价(ERA)的有效生物学标记.表2参16     

改性绿茶对汞的吸附研究——汞的形态分析

试验了用改性绿茶分离，冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞的条件。在ｐＨ５的溶液中吸附无机汞，与有机汞分离；在ｐＨ１的溶液中吸附有机汞，然后分别以１．５，３．０和６．０ｍｏｌ·１＾－１盐酸解吸无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞，用冷原子吸收光谱法测定汞，探讨了吸附机理，分析了牡蛎和水样中汞的形态。     

煤中痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型

将青山烟煤按不同比重分级后，分别测定了各级煤粉中痕量元素Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ，Ａｓ以及三态硫的含量，发现痕量元素与三态硫之间有一定的相关关系，本文用回归分析法建立了痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型，并用该模型对青山烟煤某一比重范围内煤粉中的痕量元素含量进行预报，结果令人满意。     

Contamination of Surface Soils, River Water and Sediments by Trace Metals from Copper Processing Industry in the Churnet River Valley, Staffordshire, UK

The impacts of a functional and a demolished copper processing works on the aquatic and terrestrial environment in the vicinity of the works was investigated by determining the levels of selected trace metals in river water, river sediments, channel margin sediments and overbank soils. Samples were taken at five sites within an area of the Churnet Valley in Staffordshire, where the River Churnet flows through the two works. Analysis of river water samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has shown that only copper is present above background levels considered to typify uncontaminated rivers. Analysis of river sediments, channel margin sediments and overbank soils by nitric-perchloric acid digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis has indicated contamination by arsenic, cadmium and copper in the vicinity of both works. Arsenic and copper are deposited primarily within the aquatic environment, although some contamination of the terrestrial environment by copper is also observed. Cadmium is deposited primarily within the terrestrial environment. The deposition of arsenic and copper in river and channel margin sediments respectively is also related to current and historical contamination.     

Spread of metals through an invertebrate food chain as influenced by a plant that hyperaccumulates nickel

Summary. Hyperaccumulation of metals in the shoot system of plants is uncommon, yet taxonomically and geographically widespread. It may have a variety of functions, including defense against herbivores. This study investigated the effects of hyperaccumulation on metal concentrations across trophic levels. We collected plant material, soil, and invertebrates from Portuguese serpentine outcrops whose vegetation is dominated by the nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum pintodasilvae. Samples were analyzed for nickel, chromium, and cobalt. Grasshoppers, spiders, and other invertebrates collected from sites where A. pintodasilvae was common had significantly elevated concentrations of nickel, compared to nearby sites where this hyperaccumulator was not found. Chromium and cobalt, occurring in high concentrations in the serpentine soil but not accumulated by A. pintodasilvae, were not elevated in the invertebrates. Therefore, it appears likely that a flux of nickel to herbivore and carnivore trophic levels is specifically facilitated by the presence of plants that hyperaccumulate this metal. The results may be relevant to the development of phytoremediation and phytomining technologies, which use plants to extract metals from the soil. Reveived 22 August 2002; accepted 2 April 2003. R1D=" Correspondence to: A. J. Pollard, e-mail:joe.pollard@furman.edu     

The relationship between epilithic periphyton (biofilm) bound metals and metals bound to sediments in freshwater systems

Surficial sediments and epilithic periphyton (biofilm) were sampled from six sites on the River Churnet and five sites on the River Manifold in Staffordshire and analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The sites demonstrated a wide range of sediment trace metal concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS). Biofilm was removed from the substrate using physical abrasion and 0.005 M ethylenediaminoethanetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extractant. The European Standards, Measurements and Testing Programmes (BCR) operationally defined geochemical speciation scheme was used to determine the exchangeable, acid soluble fraction of the sediments. Significant positive correlations were determined between the EDTA extractable biofilm and the exchangeable sediment fraction for Cd, Cu and Zn but not for Pb. Natural epilithic periphyton may be a potential metal biomonitor particularly of Cu, Cd and Zn in aquatic systems and provide supporting information in relation to potential sediment toxicity.