北京市农作物虚拟水含量分布

采用灌溉定额法对北京市各区县粮食虚拟水含量和蔬菜虚拟水含量历年的分布进行了计算和分析,并将其与北京市地下水资源分布和开采状况进行了现状对比.结果表明:①各区县粮食虚拟水含量总体上均呈下降趋势,但延庆县的粮食生产会给当地地下水资源带来较大的压力;②顺义区、大兴区,平谷区蔬菜历年的虚拟水含量总体呈增长趋势,在全市蔬菜虚拟水总量中所占的比例依次逐渐增大,而海淀区、丰台区、朝阳区蔬菜历年的虚拟水含量在全市所占的比例呈逐渐减小趋势;③北京地区历年的粮食虚拟水含量总和整体呈现下降趋势,蔬菜虚拟水含量总和略呈增长趋势,但是二者虚拟水含量的总和呈现下降趋势,这与北京市近年来的农业种植结构调整政策是相符合的.     

多年蔬菜连作对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业生产中长期大量施用化学肥料对土壤硝化过程微生物种群的影响及其与土壤硝化能力的偶联关系,本研究通过在长沙黄兴蔬菜基地采集长期连作蔬菜(20 a以上,VL)和短期蔬菜种植地(2 a左右,VS)表层土壤(0～20 cm),利用末端限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)和实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)等手段系统研究了蔬菜连作对氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的组成和丰度的影响及其与土壤硝化势的偶联关系.结果表明,长期蔬菜连作显著使得土壤中AOB amoA的组成趋于单一,同时也影响了土壤中AOA amoA的群落组成;RDA分析结果表明,影响AOB amoA群落结构的主要土壤因素为土壤pH以及Olsen-P的含量.土壤中AOA amoA基因拷贝数明显高于AOB,平均为细菌丰度的6倍,但土壤硝化势(PNF)与土壤中AOB amoA基因丰度成显著的正相关,而与土壤中AOA amoA基因丰度没有显著的相关性.尽管多年蔬菜连作对AOB和AOA丰度的影响还不清楚,却使得AOB优势种群富集,土壤硝化能力增强.     

Contribution to the food products' analysis: A research and evaluation on the hemolytic effect of some pesticides used in Lebanon

Pesticides are a real concern for the society as their use has become critical, leading sometimes to their accumulation as residues in fruits and vegetables. After examining the pesticides sold in Northern Lebanon, this study is focused on the analysis and identification of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables that are harvested in this region and treated with the locally sold pesticides. Results show: first, (i) a use of Zineb by the name of another pesticide Micronized Sulfur to avoid prosecution; (ii) a significant presence of Metalaxyl in lemons and oranges; (iii) a significant presence of Trifluralin in strawberries; and (iv) a significant presence of Zineb in lemons and tomatoes. Second, with the use of hemolytic tests on human blood results show: (i) a critical concentration and a significant hemolytic effect of some pesticides used in Lebanon; and (ii) an absence of hemolytic effect in the collected fractions of the different analyzed fruit extracts containing pesticides. Finally, this work is the first step for pesticides' analysis in vegetables and fruits in Lebanon, initiating a wider analytical study in order to control and examine the use of pesticides which, according to our results, could have an adverse effect on human health over a long term.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥—紫色土蔬菜种植试验研究

盆栽试验结果表明城市生活垃圾堆肥施入紫色土中,可增加土壤的氮肥潜能,降低作物中Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ的含量;但施量过大会影响作物生长,造成作物减产,品质下降。本次土培试验初步提供了紫色土和垃圾的较适比为１∶１。     

日本长野高山蔬菜的开发及其对我国的启示

日本长野利用高山夏凉气候和近邻大城市区的市场区位优势,大规模发展蔬菜生产,有力保障了城市蔬菜的供应。为了发展高山蔬菜,日本采取了一系列鼓励与支持的政策措施．并建立起有组织的流通体制。日本长野的经验对我国山区高山反季节蔬菜的基地建设具有重要的启示作用。     

我国野生蔬菜的开发利用

本文阐述了我国野生蔬菜的特点、利用现状及其存在的问题,提出了进一步开发利用野生蔬菜的建议．     

广州市菜园土主要蔬菜重金属背景含量的研究

研究了广州市几个主要的蔬菜生产基地种植的白菜、芥蓝、芥菜、菜薹、萝卜、大白菜、豆瓣菜、结球甘蓝、芹菜、菜豆、豌豆、结球莴苣、尖叶莴苣、菠菜、番茄等15种蔬菜中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As等5种重金属的背景质量分数。其背景质量分数为：Pb 0．002～0．148mg/kg；Hg ND-0．006mg/kg；Cd 0．001～0．034mg/kg；Cr 0．002～0．150mg/kg；As 0.001～0．070mg／kg。由于不同种类蔬菜的吸收特性和遗传特性有所不同，其重金属背景质量分数也有很大差异。蔬菜中元素水平还与土壤条件等因素有关。     

Magnitude of pesticidal contamination in winter vegetables from Hisar,Haryana

Monitoring of 80 winter vegetable samples during 1997–1998 for pesticidal contamination was carried out on GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems with capillary columns following multiresidueanalytical technique. The tested samples were found 100%contaminated with low but measurable amounts of pesticideresidues. Among the four major chemical groups, residue levels oforganophosphorous insecticides were highest followed bycarbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and organochlorines. About 32%of the samples showed contamination with organophosphorous andcarbamate insecticides above their respective MRL values. On thebasis of observations made in these studies, it is suggested thatmore extensive monitoring studies covering all vegetable cropsfrom different agro-climatic regions of the state be carried outto know exact level of pesticidal contamination, which may serveas basis for future policy on chemical use.     

兰州市西固区蔬菜重金属污染现状及健康风险评价研究

针对西北地区典型的工业区-兰州市西固工业区内种植的蔬菜进行重金属含量状况调查分析,对购自当地市场的8种蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素的含量进行分析,通过污染指数法和经蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险进行了系统评价.结果表明,蔬菜中均不含有Pb元素或Pb元素在蔬菜中的含量比较少,低于分析方法检测限;Cu元素含量最高的是茄子为0.067 mg/kg,含量最低的是菜花为0.015 mg/kg;Cd元素含量最高的是芹菜为0.067 mg/kg,含量最低的是白菜为0.023 mg/kg;Zn元素含量最高的是菠菜为1.001 mg/kg,含量最低的是辣椒为0.274 mg/kg.美国环境健康风险评估方法评价所得THQ值均小于1,表明实验所采集的大多数蔬菜样品的重金属含量符合农产品安全质量要求.     

临汾市售蔬菜中多环芳烃污染特征及致癌风险分析

为了研究临汾市食物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及对人群的健康影响,本研究于2015年1月采集当地居民普遍食用的9种蔬菜,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测蔬菜中8种多环芳烃(Nap、Ace、Acy、Fle、Phe、Ant、Flu、Pyr)。研究表明,PAHs在9种蔬菜中均有检出,PAHs的总浓度范围是24.86~82.85 ng·g~(-1),平均为44.13 ng·g~(-1)。其中PAHs含量最高的是圆白菜(82.85 ng·g-1),最低的是山药(24.86 ng·g~(-1))。通过来源分析发现来源地蔬菜中PAHs主要来源于液体化石燃料燃烧。临汾市不同人群食用蔬菜引起的终身增量致癌风险(ILCR)在1.27×10~(-6)~7.07×10~(-6)范围内,在目前蔬菜消费量下存在潜在致癌风险。