海河-渤海湾沿线地区沉积物中微生物群落代谢特征

采用Biolog实验方法,结合PCA(主成分分析)及多样性指数计算,对海河沿线及渤海湾地区沉积物中微生物的代谢活性进行了比对和分析.结果表明,研究区域内微生物的代谢特征受到重金属(铬、镉、铜、汞、铅等)污染和有机物污染(BOD5、CODMn)的共同影响.在重金属污染较高且有机污染水平较低的地区,微生物代谢活性和多样性指数均明显较低;在重金属含量相对较低而有机物污染较高的地区,微生物的代谢活性出现最大值,多样性指数也较高;在其余地区微生物的代谢多样性未受到明显影响,而代谢活性则沿陆地河(海河)到海洋(渤海湾)呈现有规律的变化.     

Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China

Concentrations of copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, chromium （Cr）, mercury （Hg）, and arsenic （As） were measured in arid agricultural and irrigated agricultural soils collected in Daba Village, Shajiawuan Village, Gangou Village and Sifangwu Village, located in central Gansu Province, China. Concentrations except Hg and Pb were lower than the background values in grey calcareous soil in the selected arid agricultural soils. Pb concentration exceeded the threshold of arid agricultural soils in China by 72.46%. These results showed that there was indeed serious pollution with Pb, a slight pollution problem for other selected metals in the irrigated agricultural soils in Daba Village. Principal component analysis （PCA） was used to assess the soil data, applying varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization. The result showed that the irrigated factor, agricultural factor and anthropogenic factor all contributed to the relations between selected chemical properties. The main factor of accumulation of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As was lithological factor in arid agricultural areas. There is a striking dissimilarity of origin of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As in agricultural soil between the irrigate agriculture and arid agriculture.     

抚顺市PM10中元素分布特征及来源分析

为了确定抚顺市PM10中元素的浓度特征及其来源,于2006—2007年的采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季在抚顺市的6个采样点采集PM10样品,并用等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定样品中Ti、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd、Fe、V等17种元素的含量。结果表明,Al、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Mn、Fe等地壳元素在17种元素中占有较大比重,全年平均达到97.0%。富集因子分析结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Co、Cd等元素在各季和各采样点明显受到人为活动影响,是典型的污染元素。主因子分析结果显示,土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、燃煤尘、道路扬尘、机动车尾气排放、金属冶炼、锰、铜、钛工业源是抚顺市PM10中元素的主要来源。     

重金属在贾鲁河表层沉积物中的污染特征及来源分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法、原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了贾鲁河表层沉积物中6种重金属的含量，用灼烧法测定贾鲁河表层沉积物中有机质含量。运用地累积指数法对贾鲁河流域表层沉积物中重金属污染状况进行评价，并且通过主成分分析法研究贾鲁河重金属污染来源。结果表明：贾鲁河表层沉积物中As、Cu、Ni、Zn的含量比2004年淮河表层沉积物中相应重金属含量明显偏高。重金属污染程度为：As〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Ni〉Cr。通过主成分分析进一步对重金属来源的确定，发现前2个主成分的贡献率分别为58．85％和19．74％，污染来源主要有两类，分别是工农业、生活排污的点源污染，自然变化对沉积物的影响，岩石风化与侵蚀过程和有机质降解矿化的内源污染。     

基于PCA-PNN的采空区多源指标危险性辨识*

为了提高采空区多源指标危险性辨识的预测精度,基于主成分分析（PCA）和概率神经网络（PNN）,提出1种采空区多源指标危险性辨识方法。将影响华东某地区矿山采空区危险性辨识的9项因素作为主要影响因素,并以96个实测采空区为例进行分级。研究结果表明:与朴素贝叶斯、随机森林和AdaBoost 3种机器学习算法相比,PNN在测试集上表现更好,对实际工程具有良好的指导意义和应用价值。     

Modeling the binding of triazine herbicides to humic substances using capillary electrophoresis

The binding of 4 s-triazines herbicides and metabolites, ameline, hydroxyatrazine, atraton, and ametryn to 12 structurally different humic substances was studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Binding data were confronted to the structural data of humic acids obtained from spectrometric measurements (UV-Vis, FT/IR, NMR), elemental analysis and potentiometric titration. The results obtained with principal component analysis and partial least square analysis clearly show the importance of carboxylic acidity and aromaticity of the humic ligands in relation to the partial positive charge and relative hydrophobicity of the pesticides.     

Characterization and classification of complex PAH samples using GC-qMS and GC-TOFMS

The aim of this study was to compare the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents in a number of complex samples, including soil samples from industrial sites, anti-skid sand, urban dust and ash samples from municipal solid waste incinerators. The samples were characterized by routine analysis of PAHs (gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry) and gas chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS). Classification of the samples by principal component analysis (PCA) according to their composition of PAHs revealed that samples associated with traffic and the municipal incinerator formed homogeneous clusters, while the PAH-contaminated soils clustered in separate groups. Using spectral data to resolve co-eluting chromatographic peaks, 962 peaks could be identified in the GC–TOFMS analysis of a pooled sample and 123–527 peaks in the individual samples. Many of the studied extracts included a unique set of chemicals, indicating that they had a much more diverse contamination profile than their PAH contents suggested. Compared to routine analysis, GC–TOFMS provided more detailed information about each sample and in this study a large number of alkylated PAHs were found to be associated with the corresponding unsubstituted PAHs. The possibility to filter peaks according to different criteria (e.g. to include only peaks that were detected in the analysis of another sample) was explored and used to identify unique as well as common compounds within samples. This procedure could prove to be valuable for obtaining relevant chemical data for use in conjunction with results from various biological test systems.     

混凝反应中确定影响因素影响力大小的研究

该文在对合成洗涤剂废水进行混凝反应实验基础上，针对影响因素影响力大小的不同问题，使用主分量分析方法。对输入输出权矩阵进行处理和分析，对各影响因素影响力大小顺序进行了研究。分析结果表明，跟传统经验吻合较好，更重要的是对影响因子赋权方面提供了有力的理论依据，对混凝反应的理论分析于实验设计提供了新的思路。     

土地利用及退耕对喀斯特山区土壤活性有机碳的影响

以西南喀斯特山区几种典型土地利用方式为对象,研究了土地利用及退耕对全土、团聚体活性有机碳及其恢复能力的影响.结果表明,随土壤深度的增加,土壤活性有机碳含量及其离散程度呈下降趋势,其中0~10 cm土壤活性有机碳含量与10~20 cm和20~30 cm两个剖面层次达极显著(P<0.01)差异水平;活性有机碳含量在0~10 cm范围内以<0.25 mm团聚体粒径最高,然而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm活性有机碳在各粒径中的分布并不明显;不同土地利用方式下,水田中无论全土还是团聚体中活性有机碳均表现出较高水平,灌从次之,而以退耕3 a草丛最低.组内-组间主成分分析表明,土地利用方式与土壤活性有机碳的累积特征表现为水田>灌丛>退耕15 a草丛≈旱地>退耕3 a草丛,其中退耕15 a草丛在0~10 cm深度下较旱地增加了20.3%,且达到灌丛土壤活性有机碳的80%,表明喀斯特山区土地退耕初期土壤有机碳恢复速度相对缓慢,而随退耕时间的推移,土壤碳汇效应逐步显现.     

长白山背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物.为研究中国东北背景地区大气中VOCs浓度和变化特征,应用苏码罐采样技术、三步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS联用技术测定了长白山大气本底站中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA(principal component analysis)受体模型初步解析了白山大气中VOCs来源.结果表明,长白山地区TVOCs年平均浓度(体积分数)为10.7×10~(-9)±6.2×10~(-9),其中卤代烃所占比例最高,占VOCs总浓度的37%,其次是烷烃33%、芳香烃15%、烯烃15%.长白山地区TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为春季﹥秋季﹥夏季﹥冬季,春季大气中的TVOCs浓度显著(P﹤0.05)高于其他季节.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出5个因子,分别归纳为交通源、液化石油气(LPG)、生物源、燃烧源和区域工业输送.结合HYSPLIT-4.0后向轨迹模型,分析周边区域传输对VOCs物种浓度的影响,发现来自西南向气团传输是长白山VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因.