Effects of protein-constrained brood food on honey bee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L.) pollen foraging and colony growth

Pollen is the sole source of protein for honey bees, most importantly used to rear young. Honey bees are adept at regulating pollen stores in the colonies based on the needs of the colony. Mechanisms for regulation of pollen foraging in honey bee are complex and remain controversial. In this study, we used a novel approach to test the two competing hypothesis of pollen foraging regulation. We manipulated nurse bee biosynthesis of brood food using a protease inhibitor that interferes with midgut protein digestion, significantly decreasing the amount of protein extractable from hypopharyngeal glands. Experimental colonies were given equal amounts of protease inhibitor-treated and untreated pollen. Colonies receiving protease inhibitor treatment had significantly lower hypopharyngeal gland protein content than controls. There was no significant difference in the ratio of pollen to nonpollen foragers between the treatments. Pollen load weights were also not significantly different between treatments. Our results supported the pollen foraging effort predictions generated from the direct independent effects of pollen on the regulation of pollen foraging and did not support the prediction that nurse bees regulate pollen foraging through amount of hypopharyngeal gland protein biosynthesis.     

发展有机食品生产 保护农村生态环境

有机食品生产在全球蓬勃发展，发展大连有机食品生产，建设大连有机食品的基地，对发展大连可持续农业，保护大连农村生态环境意义重大。评议中谈及到大连市发展有机食品生产基地的必要性和可能性等方面。     

抑制土壤汞进入陆生食物链

土壤对Ｈｇ＾２＋有自净力，其作用实质是Ｈｇ的形态转化。本研究试验了膨润土，腐殖质，碳酸钙对汞形态转化的影响结果表明，膨润进使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向残留态转化而降低作物对汞的吸收，其效果在用量为０－４５０ｇ／ｋｇ范围呈线性增长；腐殖质使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向腐质态汞转化，且有与矿质粘粒争增Ｈｇ＾２＋之势，故最适用量因土壤粘粒含量而异。     

The transformative power of commoning and alternative food networks

ABSTRACT

A commoning framework offers a critical lens to fully appreciate the scope and impact of alternative food networks (AFNs). Fieldwork from an AFN in southern China is drawn upon to show how commoning enacts changes in how members contextualise and anchor their social relations to one another with regards to sourcing food as a commons. A commoning framework gives a fuller picture of how the constitutive effects of AFNs reside not in their introduction of a new uniformity but in their navigation of the multiplicity of the social through its proposition and co-construction of a new ‘cognitive praxis’.     

宝应有机食品产业现状与对策

宝应县是首批获得国家级生态示范区称号的区域之一，又是通过国家考核验收的有机食品基地示范县。作者试图从区域经济学角度，阐述发展有机食品的意义，并对宝应县有机食品产业现状进行了调查和分析，提出目前存在的问题。并针对存在问题提出了对策：强化宣传、科学规划、突出重点、加大政策扶持、健全服务体系。     

易腐性有机垃圾的产生与处理技术途径比较

我国城市垃圾以易腐性有机垃圾为主.目前有关管理部门提出逐步减少进入填埋场的易腐性有机垃圾量,因此,必须寻求其他填埋替代技术消纳易腐性有机垃圾物流.本文对几种常规技术方案进行了比较.认为应该根据非餐饮业和餐饮业易腐性有机垃圾各自的产生源特点,采取不同的处理方案;但目前这些替代技术用于处理易腐垃圾时均存在各自的缺陷.本文据此提出了相应的技术完善要求和配套管理政策建议.     

苏北地区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布及其食物安全风险评价

2004年在对苏北地区6个县市(丰县、沛县、铜山、睢宁、楚州和东海)采用网格法采样的基础上,随机选择了该区域2种主要土壤类型上98个土样及其上所产水稻籽粒样品,采用原子吸收分光光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪分别测定了其中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg 8种重金属的全量.分别以国家绿色食品生产基地标准、无公害农产品生产基地标准以及20世纪80年代的地区背景值为参照依据,分析评价了所研究土壤的重金属污染程度和大米的重金属安全水平,并进一步依据USEPA和WHO推荐的RfD值,结合我国居民平均食物消费结构评估了该地区土壤所产大米对人体的重金属暴露风险.结果显示,该地区的土壤重金属环境质量总体上符合建设绿色食品生产基地的要求,属于总体未明显污染土壤;不过,黄潮土上所产大米中Ni以及砂礓黑土上所产大米中Ni、Pb含量存在超出国家食品卫生安全标准的现象. 依据USEPA的RfD值计算所得结果表明,供试地区所有土壤上所产大米中As、Cr具有明显的食物安全风险,部分地区的大米中Cd存在风险,由于Cd/Zn比值较低,因此基本上仍属安全.为了进一步保障农产品食用安全,一方面需要制订更严格的土壤环境质量标准,控制土壤污染,另一方面可能还需要着力改善大气环境质量.     

Centennial Decline in the Trophic Level of an Endangered Seabird after Fisheries Decline

Abstract:  Coastal marine ecosystems worldwide have undergone such profound transformations from overfishing that trophic interactions observed today might be artifacts of these changes. We determined whether the trophic level of an endangered seabird, the Marbled Murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ), has declined over the past 100 years after the collapse of Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sadax ) fisheries in the late 1940s and the recent declines of similar fisheries in central California. We compared stable-isotope signatures of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C in feathers of museum specimens collected before fisheries decline with values in murrelet feathers collected recently. Values of δ¹⁵N in prebreeding diets declined significantly, 1.4‰ or 38% of a trophic level, over the past century during cool ocean conditions and by 0.5‰ during warm conditions, whereas postbreeding values of δ¹⁵N were nearly constant. The δ¹³C values in prebreeding diets declined by 0.8‰, suggesting an increased importance of krill in modern compared with historic prebreeding diets, but postbreeding diets did not change. Stable-isotope mixing models indicated that the proportion of energetically superior, high-trophic-level prey declined strongly whereas energetically poor, low-trophic-level and midtrophic-level prey increased in the prebreeding diet in cool years when murrelet reproduction was likely to be high. Decreased prey resources have caused murrelets to fish further down on the food web, appear partly responsible for poor murrelet reproduction, and may have contributed to its listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.     

‘Optimal’ pollution abatement—whose benefits matter, and how much?

We examine the determinants of environmental regulatory activity (inspections and enforcement actions) and levels of air and water pollution for 409 US pulp and paper mills, using data for 1985–1997. We focus on the benefits to the surrounding population from pollution abatement. Plants with larger benefits emit less pollution, as do those with more kids and elders nearby. Plants in poor areas emit more pollution, though (surprisingly) we find less pollution in minority areas. Out-of-state neighbors seem to count less than in-state ones, although this effect diminishes if the bordering state's Congressional delegation is strongly pro-environment. We use ‘spatially lagged’ instrumental variables to control for the potential endogeneity of which individuals choose to locate near the plant. The results for regulatory activity are noticeably less significant than the emissions results.     

绿色食品产地灌溉水中多环芳烃测定方法的研究

对绿色食品产地的灌溉水中6种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析法进行了研究。对前处理使用的萃取溶剂做了对比,从加标回收率方面,得出了环己烷最好;其次是正己烷;再其次是二氯甲烷。检测采用甲醇和水(V∶V=90∶10)做流动相,恒度洗脱,只设置两段程序波长即可得到很好响应值。6种PAHs的浓度与其色谱峰面积的线性良好(r在0.9976～0.9999之间),方法精密度RSD的平均值为1.33%(n=5)。本方法参考国标、国际标准对流动相的组成、洗脱条件及荧光波长的设置都做了相应的改进,使得6种PAHs的分离比国标好,基线更平稳,方法更简便,操作也更容易,是测定绿色食品产地灌溉水中PAHs的较好方法。