Characterisation and Nanomechanical Properties of Ink-Jet Media Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Commercial inkjet media is increasingly used in daily life; this use ranges from offices to digital photography. The impact that the development of this technology has had on the paper industry has been phenomenal. However, an increasing amount of paper is discarded and it is often after the introduction of complex chemical ink within its substrate. The understanding of the interactions between the layer of coated media and ink can be used to further understand and develop technology for the use of recycling office and photo papers. This paper presents the innovative concept in characterizing the surface of the inkjet media by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparisons are made between the data obtained from both atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the receptive layer and surface analysis software that was used to obtain surface characteristics. In this study the hardness and force of interaction has also been examined by the means of nanoindentation measurements using silicon nitride cantilever tips and forces of interaction between a selection of colloid probes and the receptive layer of the inkjet media. The effect of loading force on indentation was studied in terms of approach of impact and type of media tested.     

建设项目环境影响评价公众参与模式研究

介绍了公众参与及参与内容、群体、目的和意义．公众参与的法律法规依据。从公众参与的方式、时机和参与对决策的影响三方面分析了当前公众参与存在的问题。然后按项目进程．进行了公众参与模式研究．提出了“八步工作进程．五处信息交流．四次信息公开．三项监督举报”的公众参与模式。希望对公众参与工作的开展有所帮助。     

海南省森林生态补偿机制的社会经济影响分析

建立森林生态补偿机制能够部分或全都地实现森林生态效益的价值，体现出利益相关者之间的平等性，动员全社会参与森林生态系统的保育，更好地加强森林可持续经营的能力。本研究以海南省为案例，从居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手，分析生态公益林区的生态环境和社会经济影响，讨论建立海南省生态补偿的管理机制。研究表明，大多数农户对生态补偿机制持赞同态度。从总体上看，生态补偿机制的建立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用，但是农户得到森林生态补偿较低，难以有效地提高农户的生活水平。通过案例研究发现，林业管理机构和居民面临的共同困难是资金不足，由此带来生态公益林保护与周边地区经济发展之间的矛盾，表现为保护与地区经济收入的冲突，耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力的矛盾。在案例研究结果的基础上，探讨海南省森林生态补偿机制的核心问题，提出了海南省森林生态补偿机制的初步设想，包括科学制定地方性生态补偿标准、构建高效的地方管理机构，提高社区能力建设以及扩展生态补偿多元化融资渠道等。     

Growth of the nesting colony of slaty-backed gulls (Larus schistisagus) and plant cover degradation on Shelikan Island (Taui inlet, the Sea of Okhotsk)

The size of Larus schistisagus nesting colony on Shelikan Island (8 ha in area) has increased from 2000 to 6000 pairs over 18 years. Today, this is the largest colony in the Sea of Okhotsk. The growth of the bird population has entailed catastrophic deterioration of the plant cover accompanied by a decrease in the species diversity of vascular plants: more than one-third of plant species recorded on the island in 1986 have already disappeared, and the establishment of several new plant species cannot compensate for this loss. If the size of the colony increases further, woody vegetation will fully deteriorate and only a thinned herbaceous layer consisting of 15–20 most resistant species will remain on the island.     

Impact of a small city on the structure of small mammal fauna in forests of the northeastern Moscow region

Forests in and around the reserve located near the city of Chernogolovka (50 km northeast of Moscow), forests adjoining the city, and urban forests were examined during the period from 1992 to 2004. Differences between forests of the reserve proved to be less significant than those resulting from the impact of urban factors. The influence of a small city was found to change the structure of communities of small mammals in surrounding forests by reducing their diversity and enhancing the dominance of ecologically restrained synanthropic species.     

Historical deforestation as a cause of alluviation in small valleys, subcarpathian loess plateau, Poland

The undulating loess Kanczuga Plateau, 250–270 m a.s.l., is located in the temperate climatic zone of Central Europe, within the northern foreland of the Carpathians. It is dissected by a network of valleys 30–60 m deep, infilled with several metres of complex minerogenic and organic deposits which started to accumulate during the early Holocene. The southern side of one of these valleys is dissected by several dry valleys. The mouth sections of these valleys have buried surface comprising peat and/or organic silts, overlain by sandy–silty alluvium. ¹⁴C dates indicate that the alluviation of these valley floors, which proceeded from the headwaters to the mouth sections, began in the 1100 ad. The gradual intensification of soil erosion in the upper part of the catchment and associated sedimentation probably encompassed only a few centuries, with greatest alluviation during the Little Ice Age. This plateau, which is under the influence of more continental climatic conditions than the low-mountain and upland regions of Western Europe, features more climatic contrasts. Here environmental changes triggered by land use were superimposed on climatic change. The most intensive processes of soil erosion and sediment transfer as well as alluviation, coincided with the first phase of cooling during the Little Ice Age. It was the final stage of the intensification of these processes, probably more intensive than its initial phase in the eleventh century, caused primarily by deforestation resulting from the development of agriculture.     

Energy and Enviromental Issues in Turkey

The current and future projections of energy utilisation and related environmental impact has been given. Due to the heavy dependance on low grade lignites and imported hard coal, Turkey is going to have problems in the control of CO₂ emissions. Turkey was at first included as an Annex I country according to Kyoto Protocol. Later, it has been removed from the list which is justified considering the previous international environmental impact control applications and relatively much lower energy utilisation in Turkey, compared to Annex I countries. Therefore, Turkey has been removed from the Annex I list.Turkish power generation, industrial and transportation sector will be facing a difficult challenge over the coming 20 yr in complying with environmental impact levels. The developments in the liberalisation of Turkish energy sector since the 1980's is a positive step to overcome the problems.     

陆上直升机机场环境影响评价

提出建设直升飞机机场引出的环境问题,推荐直升机噪声暴露级的计算方法、储油罐排放的恶臭污染物的估算和评价及直升飞机飞行时对飞行路线附近电视机干扰的评估.     

Disaster in the South Paciic: Impact of tropical cyclone "Nomu" on the Solomon Islands, May 1986

Tropical Cyclone "Namu" struck the Pacific nation of the Solomon Islands during 18-20th May 1986. It was sthe most serious natural disaster in the Solomons in lining memory. Nearly a third of the total population of 267,000 were diriven from their homes and 150 people were killed, with damage estimates beginning in AUD 25 million. It has been estimated by the Solomon Islands Ministry of Economic Planning that it will take seven years for the economy to recover. This paper discusses the major events of the disaster episode by employing the Powell and Rayner model of "disaster-time." Factors relating to current disaster Planning and management within the Solomon Islands are outlined. The paper also highlights assistance provided by Australla during the Post-impact sequence and illustrates the type of general disaster preparatory support which Australia provides to South pacific.     

Sediment organic matter and meiofauna community response to long-term fish-farm impact in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in meiofauna community structure were investigated to assess the impact of a fish farm, which was operating continuously for 15 years (La Spezia Gulf, W Mediterranean). Sediment samples were collected in June, July, September, October 2000 and February 2001 for the analysis of phytopigments (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments), the biochemical composition of organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and related to meiofaunal parameters.

Sediment organic matter reached extremely high concentrations beneath the fish cages when compared to the control. Particularly lipids, carbohydrates and chlorophyll-a were significantly higher in fish-farm sediments. On a long-term basis meiofauna displayed adaptations in sediments beneath the cages resulting in an increase of density. Organic impact on meiofaunal community structure was evident in terms of an increase of the nematodes to copepods (Ne/Co) and nauplius to copepods (Na/Co) ratios in fish farm sediments. Cumaceans and kinorhynchs were encountered in control sediments, but disappeared in fish-farm samples. These data suggest that meiofauna is a sensitive tool for evaluating the effects of organic enrichment in fish farm impacted areas.