纳米羟基磷灰石对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤Pb生物可利用性的影响

为了研究钝化剂对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤中重金属Pb生物可利用性的影响,采用盆栽试验,在种植油菜和白菜的土壤中加入不同质量比的纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP),研究Pb形态、油菜和白菜生物量、油菜和白菜中Pb的累积量,评价纳米羟基磷灰石对Pb生物可利用性的影响.结果表明,加入5 g/kg、10 g/kg、15 g/kg、20 g/kg和25 g/kg纳米羟基磷灰石后,油菜和白菜生物量增加,且油菜生物量大于白菜生物量;油菜内Pb累积量小于白菜内Pb累积量;土壤中残渣态Pb质量比增加,可交换态Pb质量比减少,有效态Pb质量比与Pb生物可利用性显著降低(p＜0.05),与对照组相比,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了25.53％～82.77％和45.79％～71.68％.当纳米羟基磷灰石质量比为20g/kg时,油菜和白菜生物量较大,而且对Pb的累积量最低,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了81.84％和70.89％.研究表明,纳米羟基磷灰石的适宜投加量为20g/kg,而油菜为理想植物.     

安徽省油菜秸秆资源综合利用方案研究

估算了安徽省油菜秸秆的资源量及分布,分析了其综合利用现状及其存在的问题,预测了未来4—5年安徽省的油菜秸秆资源量。评价油菜秸秆用途的适宜性,提出其综合利用方案与措施建议。     

Stigmatisation and rejection of survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Studies report that between 6 per cent and 29 per cent of survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are rejected by their families and communities. This research project was designed to provide insights into survivors' experiences of stigmatisation and rejection. Surveys were conducted with 310 women as they sought psychosocial services in eastern DRC. In total, 44.3 per cent of women reported suffering rejection after sexual violence. The majority of women felt that their status in the household (58.0 per cent) and community (54.9 per cent) diminished after rape. The odds of rejection were greater among women reporting ongoing displacement, pregnancy owing to sexual violence, worsening family relations, and diminished community status. This work highlights the extremely high levels of loss associated with the war in eastern DRC, particularly among survivors of sexual violence. The rejection of a survivor of rape has concrete and devastating psychosocial consequences.     

生物炭施用对矿区污染农田土壤上油菜生长和重金属富集的影响

矿山的生产活动往往会造成周边农田的污染,而利用生物炭技术治理矿区周边污染农田土壤具有重要的现实意义。生物炭是指生物质在无氧或限氧条件下热裂解制备而成的一种细粒度、多孔性的环境友好型材料,其在调控温室气体排放,改良土壤性状,促进植物生长和控制环境污染物迁移转化方面应用潜力巨大。采用室内盆栽模拟实验,研究了不同水稻秸秆生物炭施用量（0、1%、5%）对郴州和龙岩地区矿山周边重金属污染的农田土壤的生化性状、油菜（Brassia campestris L.）产量、重金属累积和富集系数等的影响,为生物炭作为环境功能材料应用于矿山污染农田治理提供科学依据。结果表明：与对照相比,施加1%和5%生物炭均能提高土壤pH值和有机质质量分数,提升幅度随施用量的增加而升高,其中偏酸性的龙岩土壤的变化幅度更大;生物炭施用会影响土壤酶活性,5%生物炭处理下两种受试土壤中脲酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著提高,但酸性磷酸酶活性降低;龙岩土壤上的油菜产量在1%和5%生物炭施用处理下均显著提高,而郴州土壤上的油菜产量在1%生物炭处理下无显著变化,而在5%生物炭处理下降低了42.9%;生物炭施用影响了两种土壤上油菜可食部分重金属Cd、As和Pb的质量分数,但没有一致的规律;与对照相比,生物炭施用后郴州和龙岩土壤上油菜可食部分中Cd质量分数均出现下降趋势,但是仅5%生物炭处理的龙岩土壤具显著性差异;1%和5%生物炭施用处理使两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分Pb质量分数较对照处理显著降低（P〈0.05）,但降幅不同,郴州土壤降低了23.6%和22.0%,而偏酸性的龙岩土壤降低了82.1%和94.5%;生物炭施用后两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分As质量分数的变化不同,郴州土壤添加生物炭后油菜As质量分数呈上升趋势,且增量随生物炭施用量增加而升高,龙岩土壤则相反,1     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm²)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm²)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm²)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处理对水稻根系分布及产量构成的影响.结果显示,秸秆快速腐解期(移栽后第23天)根系总长度、总鲜重及白根长度、白根鲜重均随还田量的增加而减少,但缓慢腐解期(移栽后第53天)覆盖处理总根系变化趋势与前期一致,翻埋处理根系长度和鲜重在FM2、FM3处理较大.覆盖还田促进移栽后期20-50 cm土壤中根系的生长,翻埋还田促进移栽后期各土壤深层根系的生长.覆盖和翻埋还田在返青期分蘖数分别比秸秆不还田减少1个/株和1.67个/株,翻埋还田更不利于返青期分蘖保持,但翻埋处理在移栽后期更有利于分蘖数的增加.单株有效穗在超量还田处理下达到最大值12.11和12.65,但千粒重、结实率、穗着粒数和产量均在全量还田处理下达到最高水平.本研究表明油菜秸秆还田抑制水稻移栽前期根系生长,同时覆盖处理对移栽后期根系生长不利,翻埋处理明显促进移栽后期根系的生长;油菜秸秆还田处理能提高水稻产量,其中以秸秆全量还田效果最佳.(图6表4参38)     

Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips

In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field.     

二氧化硫对作物游离氨基酸浓度的作用

观察了四种作物接触二氧化硫后游离氨基酸,特别是十种昆虫必需氨基酸含量的变化.二氧化硫引起油菜、大豆和小麦叶片中昆虫必需氨基酸浓度明显增加,非必需氨基酸中,增加或减少趋势不一.玉米没有这种反应.二氧化硫熏气的大豆上叶螨生长繁殖快于对照.讨论了植物中氨基酸浓度的增加和大气污染诱发虫害加剧的关系.     

Response of peroxidase and catalase to acid rain stress during seed germination of rice, wheat, and rape

Seed germination of plants with various acid-resistance display different responses to acid rain. To understand the reason why such differences occur, the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.0) on the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) during seed germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum), and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum change in activities of CAT and POD by acid rain treatment with different acidity and time in relation to the referent treatment without acid rain, was in the order: rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%, 48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%). The pH level for which the treatment with acid rain did not cause significant difference (p < 0.05) was in the order: rice (3.5).wheat (4.0).rape (5.0). Moreover, the change in activity of POD was higher than that of CAT, which showed that POD was more sensitive to acid rain stress than CAT. The difference in the ability of POD and CAT in removing free radicals was one reason why the germination indexes of these three species behaved differently. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 123–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

不同类型模拟酸雨对油菜营养品质的影响

采用完全随机区组设计方法,在大田试验条件下研究了混合模拟酸雨(MAR)、硫酸模拟酸雨(SAR)和硝酸模拟酸雨(NAR)对油菜营养品质的影响作用及其机制,旨在为防治酸雨对我国农业生产的影响提供科学依据.试验结果表明,在弱酸性条件下,3种不同类型酸雨均能促进油菜籽总游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质的合成,而在强酸性条件下,NAR和MAR对以上2种组分会有较强的抑制作用,且以NAB的抑制作用较明显.3种不同类型模拟酸雨作用下,油菜籽粗脂肪含量随着pH值的上升呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,其中在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR即能抑制作物粗脂肪的合成,而SAR的影响明显不及前两者.随着酸雨酸度的增强,3种不同酸雨均能使油菜籽硫苷总量持续增加,且在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR的促进作用影响较大.3种不同类型酸雨均能一定程度地降低作物油酸含量,但NAB在pH≤4.1时能较大地促进亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸的合成,从而使作物品质下降.     

秦岭南部地区农业气候资源的变化及其对油菜的影响

秦岭南部地区地形及气候条件复杂,作为油菜主要种植区之一,研究其农业气候资源的变化特征及其对油菜的影响,可以为该区有效利用农业气候资源、合理安排农事活动提高油菜生产提供实践参考。以1960~2014年秦岭南部33个站点的逐日气象数据和近25a各省市统计年鉴资料,通过滑动平均、线性倾向估计、灰色关联分析等方法,研究秦岭南部农业气候资源的时空变化特征及对油菜产量的影响。结果表明:(1)近55a来,秦岭南部地区油菜生长季内平均气温和≥5℃积温呈上升趋势,平均速率分别为0.2、29.3℃/10 a,冻害指数、降水量、开花期降水量和相对湿度与日照时数都呈减少趋势,平均每10 a分别减少0.3、14.8 mm、1.4 mm、0.6%、32.2 h。(2)近55a来研究区油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温的多年平均空间分布都表现为由西南向东北方向递减,冻害指数的空间变化与二者相反,表明越冬期极端最低气温值在空间上由西南向东北逐渐减小;其水资源指标多年平均空间分布由南向北递减,日照时数则由西南向东北递增。(3)1960~2014年秦岭南部油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温在空间上均呈极显著的增加趋势,研究区西部变化幅度较小,东部变化幅度较大,冻害指数的空间变化趋势与二者相同;水资源与日照时数在空间上均呈极显著的减少趋势,只有少数站点表现为极显著的增加趋势,而日照时数在研究区东部变化幅度相对较大,其余区域变化幅度相对较小。总体上,平均气温和≥5℃积温高值区的变化幅度小,低值区变化幅度大,其他指标与之相反。(4)近25a来秦岭南部油菜气候产量呈不明显的上升趋势,平均速率为3.79 kg/(a·hm~2),其空间变化幅度差异大,且大部分站点的变化趋势均不显著;由关联度得作用于各区域油菜气候产量的主要影响因子存在差异。各农业气候资源指标的变化幅度越大,对油菜单产的可能影响相对较大。