沈阳地区采暖期气候特征与节能预报技术研究

基于沈阳地区1961-2010年逐日平均气温观测数据,采用气候倾向率及度日法,参照采暖供热相关规范,对沈阳地区采暖期气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:沈阳地区采暖期平均气温呈上升趋势,采暖期度日呈减少趋势。平均采暖初、终日分别为10月26日、4月3日,平均采暖期长度为160 d。采暖初终日和采暖期长度均存在年际变化振荡,但总体呈现出采暖初日推后,终日提前,采暖期长度缩短的趋势。寒冷程度的减小和寒冷期的缩短使得采暖能源需求量减少,采暖期节能减排空间较大。利用2008-2010年气象-热力数据建立的沈阳地区供热量预报方程及供热气象指数,近3年理论节煤率达9.1%。该预报方程及供暖气象指数已于2010年11月开始在沈阳地区供热作业中投入应用,为实时供热调度提供参考依据。     

常州市典型臭氧污染天气过程及成因分析研究

臭氧是一种存在于地球臭氧层和近地面的气体,它对人类和环境是否有益取决于大气中存在的位置。高空臭氧层使人类免受紫外线伤害,而近地面臭氧是光化学烟雾产生的主要污染物,损害农作物、树木和其他植物生长,危害人体健康诱发儿童哮喘等疾病。本文结合2013年8月12日常州市出现的臭氧污染天气,利用气象和空气自动监测数据,对污染过程、变化特征和成因进行了分析。结果表明,在连续高温、太阳辐射强度大、风速低、大气扩散条件差等气象因素和臭氧前体物（NMHC）较高等不利条件下,易形成臭氧污染天气,导致空气质量下降。     

有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响

控制农业温室气体排放(如N_2O)是减缓全球气候变暖的一个重要措施.本研究通过动态监测小麦-玉米轮作体系N_2O排放通量,探究不施任何肥料(对照,CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、75%NPK+25%(有机氮M)(25%M)、50%NPK+50%M(50%M)、25%NPK+75%M(75%M)以及100%M,即不同有机氮替代比例对陕西关中塿土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系N_2O排放及作物产量的影响.结果表明,各处理N_2O排放通量在施肥、降雨或灌水后出现排放峰值.在小麦季各处理变化幅度为-1.33~144.2μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其中NPK处理峰值最高.玉米季各处理变化幅度为88.2~1 800.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),50%M处理峰值最高.小麦/玉米一个轮作年不同处理N_2O排放总量为429.8~2 632.1 g·hm~(-2),且50%M25%MNPK75%M100%MCK.无论小麦、玉米还是一个轮作年总产量,施肥处理产量均显著高于对照.小麦季,施用有机肥的处理小麦产量均显著高于单施化肥处理,增幅达26.1%~50.0%.玉米季,50%M和75%M处理产量与NPK相似,而25%M和100%M处理玉米产量显著低于NPK处理.小麦/玉米轮作总产量变幅为9 166~17 496 kg·hm~(-2),其中50%M和75%M处理显著高于NPK处理,25%M和100%M处理与NPK处理无显著差异.综合考虑塿土小麦/玉米轮作体系有机氮替代化肥氮75%最好,可以保证作物产量、实现N_2O减排.     

太湖流域水资源可持续利用评价研究

为了全面了解太湖流域水资源开发利用状况,加强流域水资源综合管理,根据水资源可持续利用的涵义和太湖流域的实际情况,构建太湖流域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评判法和灰色关联分析法分别对太湖流域2008年水资源可持续利用状况进行评价,两种模型计算结果均表明,2008年太湖流域水资源可持续利用处于中上水平,其主要制约因素主要表现在水环境状况和水生态状况问题较为严重。     

可吸入颗粒物污染与气象因子的关系

对闸北区空气自动监测站2009年SO2、NO2、PM10的浓度和气象参数变化特征进行研究,可吸入颗粒物的时间变化特征表明,总体上呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低;PM10与降水量、相对湿度、温度呈现一定的负相关性,但与风速的相关性随季节不同而不同,与气压略呈正相关性。对典型日和灰霾日PM10、SO2、NO2以及相应气象因子的特征进行了分析比较。     

含硫油品储罐腐蚀产物自燃性的研究

通过模拟储油罐中硫铁化物的生成方式, 分析和研究了H2S气体在无氧条件下,与不同相对湿度的Fe2O3、Fe3O4和Fe(OH)3反应所生成的硫铁化物的自燃性.不同相对湿度的试样经6 h硫化后,其自燃性明显不同.以Fe2O3试样为例,相对湿度为0的硫化产物氧化升温最高为256 ℃,平均升温速率为10.8 ℃/min; 相对湿度为5%、10%和15%的硫化产物,氧化升温最高温度分别为474 ℃、408 ℃和388 ℃,平均升温速率分别为20.5 ℃/min、18.3 ℃/min和13.5 ℃/min.实验结果表明, 不同相对湿度、不同物质的硫化产物,其自燃性有显著差异,样品的相对湿度对硫化产物的自燃性有重要影响.对各种干燥样品的硫化产物进行电镜分析发现,由不同物质硫化所生成的硫化产物结构不同,致使其自燃性有较大差异.硫铁化物氧化反应放热是引发油罐着火的主要因素.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

Determination of alkali-labile phosphoprotein phosphorus from fish plasma using the Tb^3＋-tiron complex as a fluorescence probe

A sensitive method based on the fluorescence quenching effect of the Tb^3＋-Tiron complex is proposed for the determination of alkali-labile phosphoprotein phosphorus （ALP） released from fish plasma. The detection limit was 5.4 ng/ml （S/N=2）, and the relative standard deviation of the quenching effect （6 replicates） was 4.6%. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the colorimetric assay. The advantages of the present method are its relatively simple detection procedure, the lack of toxic organic solvents, and high sensitivity.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.