Concentrations of organic wood preservatives in wood chips produced from wood wastes

We investigated the concentrations of wood preservatives in the wood chips produced in wood-waste processing facilities in 1988, 1998–1999, and 2001–2002. Among the wood preservatives used in the past in Japan, halophenols, including PCP, chlordane, and chlorpyrifos, had comparatively high detection rates and high average concentrations in the wood chips produced in 2001–2002. Aldrin and endrin were rarely detected, and DDT was already in low concentrations in those wood chips. Although several types of wood preservative were contained in the wood chips, their concentration levels depended on the sources of the wood wastes. In chips produced from wooden pallets, wooden forms for concrete working, or wood discarded from nondemolition sources, no organochlorine wood preservatives were detected, and chlorpyrifos and chlorophenols were detected at one order of magnitude lower than the average concentrations in chips produced from wood wastes discarded in house demolitions.     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

Mortality of US pentachlorophenol production workers through 2005

A cohort of 2122 US pentachlorophenol (PCP) production workers from four plants in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Dioxin Registry was exposed to PCP and to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants of PCP production. A subcohort of 720 was also exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a contaminant of trichlorophenol (TCP) while using TCP or a TCP derivative. PCP and several production contaminants have been implicated as animal carcinogens. A priori hypotheses were that the cohort would have elevated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for aplastic anemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as suggested by human studies, and for leukemia and liver, adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid cancer, as suggested by animal studies. From 1940 to 2005 1165 deaths occurred with an overall SMR of 1.01 [95% confidence limits (CI), 0.95-1.07]. Overall cancer mortality (326 deaths, SMR 1.17, CI 1.05-1.31) was in statistically significant excess. There were excess deaths for trachea, bronchus and lung cancers (126 deaths, SMR 1.36, CI 1.13-1.62), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (17 deaths, SMR 1.77, CI 1.03-2.84), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (63 deaths, SMR 1.38, CI 1.06-1.77), and medical complications (5 deaths, SMR 3.52, CI 1.14-8.22). In race- and sex-specific analyses, white males had increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality (17 deaths, SMR 1.98, CI 1.15-3.17) and males of other races had increased leukemia mortality (four deaths, SMR 4.57, CI 1.25-11.7). The excess of cancers of a priori interest, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia, provide some support for the carcinogenicity of PCP, however, further studies with more detailed exposure assessment are needed.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定鳌江表层沉积物中五氯酚和六氯苯

建立了超声波萃取-醋酸酐原位衍生化-毛细管气相色谱同时测定鳌江表层沉积物中五氯酚和六氯苯的方法，优化了试验条件。方法线性范围为5μg／L-200μg／L，五氯酚和六氯苯的检出限均为0．5ng／g，沉积物标准物质的测定值符合质控要求，基质加标的平均回收率分别为77．7％和81．8％。     

Studies on the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol on the biological activity of anaerobic granular sludge

In order to explore the pathway of the anaerobic biotreatment of the wastewater containing pentachlorophenol (PCP) and ensure the normal operation of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, the anaerobic sludge under different acclimation conditions were selected to seed and start up UASB reactors. Anaerobic toxicity assays were employed to study the biological activity, the tolerance and the capacity to degrade PCP of different anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. Results showed that the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to chlorophenols (CPs) could degrade PCP more quickly (up to 9.50mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). And the anaerobic granular sludge without acclimation to CPs had only a little activity of degrading PCP (less than 0.07mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). Different PCP concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8mgL(-1)) had different inhibition effects on glucose utilization, volatile fatted acidity (VFA)-degrading and methanogens activity of PCP degradation anaerobic granular sludge, and the biological activity declined with the increase in PCP concentration. The methanogens activity suffered inhibition from PCP more easily. The different acclimation patterns of seeded sludge had distinctly different effects on biological activity of the degradation of PCP of anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. The biological activity of the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to PCP only was also inhibited. This inhibition was weak compared to that of anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to CPs, further, the activity could recover more quickly in this case. In the same reactor, the anaerobic granular sludge from the mid and base layers showed higher tolerance to PCP than that from super layer or if the sludge is unacclimated to CPs, and the corresponding recovery time of the biological activity in the mid and base layers were short. Acetate-utilizing methanogens and syntrophic propinate degraders were sensitive to PCP, compared to syntrophic butyrate degraders.     

五氯酚标准样品的研制

五氯酚是美国ＥＰＡ公布的１２９种重点污染物名单以及我国环境优先监测污染物黑名单中的重点污染物,也是环境监测和环境科研工作中的主要对象。本文介绍了这种污染物毒理特性和液体介质标准样品的分析、研究、制备方法。     

固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定水质中的五氯酚

固相萃取(SPE)是目前常用的一种样品预处理方法,具有高效、快速、方便和高选择性等特点.本方法中所选择的聚乙烯-二乙烯基苯(PS-DVB)柱填料对五氯酚有较好的吸附效能,从而实现了较好的加标回收率.另外,该填料具有高效高选择性,对酚类具有较高的吸附效能,因此建议在需要测定酚类化合物浓度时,也可以使用该方法,并在选择气相色谱仪检测器时使用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID).     

Enhanced removal of pentachlorophenol by a novel composite: nanoscale zero valent iron immobilized on organobentonite

Nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) was immobilized on the organobentonite (CTMA-bent), so as to enhance the reactivity of NZVI and prevent its aggregation. This novel composite (NZVI/CTMA-Bent) was characterized by transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Good dispersion of NZVI particles on the bentonite was observed. Its performance on removing pentachlorophenol (PCP) was investigated by batch experiments. Results showed NZVI/CTMA-Bent could rapidly and completely dechlorinate PCP to phenol with an efficiency of 96.2%. It was higher than the sum (54.5%) of reduction by NZVI (31.5%) and adsorption by CTMA-Bent (23.0%) separately. The kinetic studies indicated the removal rate of PCP was positively related to the adsorption. We proposed that the adsorption of PCP by CTMA-Bent enhanced the mass transfer of PCP from aqueous to iron surface. Besides, NZVI/CTMA-Bent exhibited good stability and reusability, and CTMA-Bent could also reduce the amount of iron ions released into the solution.     

Octachlorinated dioxin in pulps and effluents: Where does it come from?

Studies on the formation/destruction of dioxins associated with the pulping of wood artificially impregnated with an industrial grade of pentachlorophenol lend support to an earlier observation that ambient dioxins deposition may not necessarily be a unique source of the higher chlorinated dioxins occasionally found in pulps and final effluent discharges. These dioxins, which seemingly occur in products from a wide range of pulping technologies including recycle operations, may also originate from pentachlorophenol-based fungicides.     

Determination of pentachlorophenol in human urine using solid phase extraction and GC‐MS analysis with stable isotope dilution

A method for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human urine was developed. Urine samples were fortified with ¹³C₆‐IabeIed PCP and hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid prior to extraction. The urine samples were then passed through preconditioned solid phase extraction cartridges containing octadecylsilane adsorbent. The PCP was subsequently eluted from the cartridge with ethyl acetate and converted to pentachloroanisole prior to GC‐MS analysis. GC‐MS quantitation was performed using the technique of stable isotope dilution. Percent recoveries averaging 100, 97, and 111% were obtained for replicate urine samples fortified with approximately 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL of PCP, respectively. The method detection limit was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL.