瘤胃微生物强化醋糟厌氧消化及其机制

针对醋糟中木质纤维素利用效率低的问题,通过接种瘤胃微生物可强化木质纤维素水解.采用逐步提升体系有机负荷的方式,考察瘤胃微生物生物强化对醋糟厌氧消化性能的提升效果,并运用绝对定量实时聚合酶链锁反应（Q-PCR）技术探究其微生物学强化机制.结果表明:长期连续运行成功塑造了高效的木质纤维素瘤胃强化体系.该体系的最高有机负荷达8.90 g/（L·d）（以VS计）,是强化前的1.53倍,该有机负荷下半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别达73.9%和40.1%,单位质量底物沼气和甲烷产量相应地分别达到451和261 mL/g（以VS计）,半纤维素和纤维素较高的降解率是该体系维持高产气性能的主要原因.生物相机制研究表明,瘤胃微生物强化体系中与木质纤维素水解密切相关的GH5（糖苷水解酶家族5）水解菌逐步富集,其基因拷贝数从初始的964×1010 copies/g升至最高有机负荷下的6.83×1011 copies/g,这是底物在高有机负荷下仍能被高效生物转化的根本原因.研究显示,瘤胃微生物的介入可有效强化体系底物的降解能力,促进醋糟产甲烷性能的提升.      

淀粉酶前处理应用于猪粪沼气发酵的研究

沼气发酵经历了水解、产氢产乙酸和产甲烷三个阶段,若发酵原料是一些小分子水溶性物质,则产甲烷阶段将是整个过程的限制阶段,若发酵原料为大分子复杂有机物,则第一阶段便成了限制阶段。在实际应用中,沼气发酵的原料通常为复杂的大分子有机物,因此原料的水解反应速度决定了整个沼气发酵过程的速度。为消除水解阶段的限制,提高沼气发酵的效率,本实验尝试采用水解酶前处理技术,在猪粪沼气发酵前,先用淀粉酶预处理。实验结果表明经淀粉酶处理后,猪粪的TS和VS降解率,累积产气量,原料产气潜力,最大容积产气率,与对照组相比有明显的提高,其中经α-淀粉酶和γ-淀粉酶共同处理的TS和VS降解率分别提高了10.84%和11.11%、累积产气量提高了14.71%、原料产气潜力提高了14.7%、最大容积产气率提高了19.79%。     

降解菌JQL4-5甲氰菊酯水解酶的提取及酶学特性研究

Sphingomonas sp.JQL4-5是一株甲氰菊酯降解菌。提取该菌株的甲氰菊酯水解酶,对其酶学特性进行了初步研究。该酶水解甲氰菊酯的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,供试的金属离子均对酶活性有一定的抑制作用,抑制率与金属离子的浓度呈正相关,其中Ag+的抑制作用最强烈,几乎可以导致酶活性完全丧失。该酶在极性有机溶剂中比在非极性的有机溶剂中稳定。     

Thymic involution produced by diesel exhaust particles and their constituents in mice

Epidemiological studies suggest that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contribute to an increase in allergic diseases. To assess the effects of DEP on the central immune system, mice were exposed to DEP by intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Exposure to DEP resulted in severe thymic involution accompanied by a reduction in the number of thymocytes, especially in cortical CD4⁺CD8⁺ double positive and double negative subsets. Core carbon particles associated with a mixture of chemical compounds in DEP did not appear to be responsible for the DEP-induced thymic involution because carbon graphite does not affect neither the number nor the CD4/CD8 profile of thymocytes. Extraction of DEP by ether, acidic and basic solvents showed that several independent fractions including the neutral ether fraction, which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), induced thymic involution. Among major PAH components of DEP, benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) were very potent inducers of thymic involution at an ED50 of less than 100?ng per mouse body. Nonetheless, DEP treatment of mice with targeted disruption of genes encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), or microsomal epoxide hydolase (mEH) indicated that DEP produced thymic involution even in the absence of PAH-induced AHR/ARNT signal transduction or mEH-mediated PAH catabolism. On the other hand, BaP-mediated thymic involution was completely dependent on AHR, partially dependent on ARNT in T cells, and independent of mEH. These results indicate that DEP-induced thymic involution is mediated both by PAH-AHR/ARNT-dependent and -independent mechanisms.     

3-PBA降解菌BA3的降解特性及基因工程菌构建

从石油污染土壤中分离到1株能以3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为BA3.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将该菌鉴定为鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.).该菌株在60 h内对100 mg·L-1的3-苯氧基苯甲酸的降解率达到99%.降解3-苯氧基苯甲酸的最适温度为30℃...     

降解菌djl-6多菌灵水解酶的提取及性质

以往对多菌灵降解菌Rhodococcus qingshengii sp.nov.djl-6的降解途径研究显示,该菌株首先通过多菌灵水解酶将多菌灵水解成二氨基苯并咪唑,从而对多菌灵进行脱毒.为开发酶制剂并有效应用于环境中残留污染物多菌灵的降解,比较了不同提取方法(高压细胞破碎、超声波破碎和添加溶菌酶破碎)对多菌灵水解酶提取效率的影响,并对其酶学特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,djl-6菌株在LB培养基中培养72~84 h,生长量和产酶量均达到最大值.采用超声波破碎提取酶的效率较高(蛋白浓度为7.92 mg/mL),但酶活损失较大(比酶活只有1.2 U/μg protein).多菌灵水解酶属于一种胞内组成型酶.该酶水解多菌灵的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,Zn2+和K+对酶活有一定的抑制作用.     

Ecotoxicological effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on soil microorganisms

The widespread production and use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in recent years have posed potential threat to the ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms using laboratory microcosm test. Respiration, ammonification, dehydrogenase (DH) activity, and fluorescent diacetate hydrolase (FDAH) activity were used as ecotoxicological parameters. The results showed that in the neutral soil treated with 1 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil (fresh, neutral), ammonification was significantly inhibited during the study period of three months, but the inhibition rate decreased over increasing time. Inhibition in respiration was observed in the first month of the test. In various ZnO-NPs treatments (1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil), DH activity and FDAH activity were inhibited during the study period of one month. For both enzyme activities, there were positive dose–response relationships between the concentration of ZnO-NPs and the inhibition rates, but the curves changed over time due to changes of ZnO-NPs toxicity. Soil type affected the toxicity of ZnO-NPs in soil. The toxicity was highest in the acid soil, followed by the neutral soil. The toxicity was relatively low in the alkaline soil. The toxicity was not accounted for by the Zn²⁺ released from the ZnO-NPs. Direct interaction of ZnO-NPs with biologic targets might be one of the reasons. The adverse effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms in neutral and acid soils is worthy of attention.     

Antimicrobial effects of clofibrate on the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum

Abstract

The biological effects of clofibrate (ethyl p‐chlorophenoxy‐isobutyric acid) on the growth and metabolism of the soil‐borne wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum, were examined.

In mid log phase (16 hr) cultures both phenylalanine uptake and secondary spore production were stimulated at 0.1 μM concentration; the net sterol content was reduced 50% at 0.35 μM; oxygen uptake was stimulated at 0.1 mM; growth was inhibited 50% at 0.1 mM concentration. Both phenylalanine and oxygen uptake were inhibited at 1.0 mM and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was reduced 50% at 50 mM concentration of clofibrate.

The data indicate that clofibrate affects a number of biological and enzyme systems. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogen suggest a potential use of hypolipidemic agents like clofibrate as an antifungal agent for seed protection.     

Secretory expression of organophosphorus hydrolase OPHC2 in Yarrowia lipolytica Polg

In the present study, recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase OPHC2 was successfully produced by Yarrowia lipolytica and purified. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analyses showed a major polypeptide band of 36 kDa. The purified enzyme was optimally active at 65°C and pH 8.5 and also displayed good thermal and pH stability using methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl-O-4-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) as a substrate. Moreover, as Y. lipolytica is a non-pathogenic, generally regarded as safe (GRAS) yeast, the cell culture supernatant can be used directly on vegetables and fruits that are contaminated by organophosphorus pesticides.     

Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌对乙腈的降解特性及降解途径研究

对Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌降解乙腈的特性及其降解途径进行了研究.结果显示,在底物浓度为800mg·L-1,接种量为1.0%,培养温度为35℃,环境pH为7.5的条件下,16h时Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌对乙腈的降解率为95.98%;添加葡萄糖可在培养初期加快Rhodococcus sp.BX2菌的生长和对乙腈的降解,蔗糖、乙酰胺和尿素对其影响不大.将BX2菌接种到含有高乙腈浓度(25000mg·L-1)的合成废水中,培养180h后,乙腈降解率可达88.59%.在催化反应60min后,Rhodococcus sp.BX2腈水合酶与腈水解酶的总酶活可达到422.81U·mL-1,对其相关基因序列的分析结果表明,Rhodococcus sp.BX2中同时存在腈水解酶基因和腈水合酶基因,因此,确定乙腈的降解主要由腈水合酶途径完成,可能同时存在腈水解酶的降解途径.