岛礁环境对吊耳疲劳性能影响研究

目的 研究吊耳在岛礁环境下的腐蚀特征及其对疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过开展吊耳试验件的岛礁自然环境试验,测试其不同在试验周期的疲劳性能,分析断口形貌、元素含量变化,研究腐蚀对吊耳抗疲劳性能的影响。结果 在1 a的岛礁自然环境试验中,吊耳的腐蚀部位主要为表面镀层,并且呈非均匀腐蚀特征。随着试验时间的延长,吊耳平均疲劳断裂循环次数呈下降趋势,疲劳断口的韧性断裂特征减弱,并且氢含量有所增加。吊耳内部存在MnS夹杂物,位于韧窝底部。结论 吊耳表面点蚀坑、内部MnS夹杂物对疲劳载荷作用下裂纹的萌生和生长起到促进作用,降低了其抗疲劳性能,应加强腐蚀防护和质量控制。     

矿物包裹体的构造地球化学研究──以海南二甲金矿为例

本文从构造地球化学角度研究了包裹体的形态特征、均一温度、氢、氧同位素及包裹体气液成分的变化规律与构造形变的关系，认识到可从包裹体研究认识构造岩流体的演变规律，从而更进一步地认识构造活动中的地球化学作用。     

岩浆中主要挥发份含量──熔融包裹体和淬火玻璃证据

挥发份在成矿熔体和流体的形成与演化过程中扮演着相当重要的角色。直接分析火成岩矿物中的熔融包裹体是确定岩浆结晶前挥发份含量的最理想方法。本文在现有熔融包裹体（和海底火山淬火玻璃）中挥发份含量数据的基础上．估算了主要挥发价（H2O、CO2、Cl、F、S等）在基性、中性和酸性等各类岩浆中的平均含量。     

盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征

运用碳同位素、气相色谱、色谱 质谱、流体包裹体技术 ,研究了盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征 ,并与永安凹陷永 7井凝析油、下扬子海相原油进行了对比。该凝析油碳同位素为 -2 8 8‰～ 3 0 5‰ ,全油色谱中含有一定的长链正构烷烃 ,Pr/Ph为 1 5 6,三环萜烷含量高 ,伽玛蜡烷含量低 ,重排甾烷含量高 ,C2 9甾烷 >>C2 7甾烷 >C2 8甾烷。石蜡指数、庚烷值表明原油为高成熟凝析油 ,甲基菲指数MPI表明原油为未熟—低熟原油 ,C2 9甾烷 2 0S/ (2 0S+2 0R)值表明原油为成熟原油。这种成熟度的差异可能与不同成熟度原油的混合作用有关。油气主要充注时间为 6～ 1 5Ma。凝析油的主体可能源于泰州组烃源岩 ,凝析油的形成与蒸发分馏作用密不可分     

西范坪斑岩铜矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文通过对四川省盐源县西范坪斑岩铜矿床多种类型包裹体的特征及其温度、压力、盐度、密度、氢、氧同位素组成、成矿流体沸腾等地球化学特点研究表明 ,西范坪铜矿床形成在浅成—超浅成、中—高温环境中。成矿流体具有高盐度、高密度的特点。成矿流体曾经多次发生沸腾。氢、氧同位素组成表明成矿流体主要源于深部的斑岩浆 ,在成矿过程中有地下水加入。     

陕西小秦岭高山河地区金矿流体包裹体特征及成矿物理化学条件

小秦岭高山河地区金矿受太古界太华群变质基底与中元古界蓟县系高山河组碎屑岩盖层之间的区域不整合面及其叠加断裂构造控制。矿床形成于中低温中浅成环境，成矿流体作为低盐度低密度，成分以Na+、K+、Cl-、Ca2+为主，金矿形成于中性-弱碱性还原条件。热液上升到浅部，由于温度压力和二氧化碳逸度降低，并与围岩交代反应促使金在不整合面附近的断裂中充填成矿。     

Urban community gardening,social capital,and "integration" – a mixed method exploration of urban "integration-gardening" in Copenhagen,Denmark

ABSTRACT

This study examines a community garden in Copenhagen, Denmark, "The Urban Integration Gardens" that endeavours to strengthen social integration in the local multicultural neighbourhood. The "community" in the gardens is explored, with a focus on how they foster social capital, particularly opportunities for "bridging" social capital. A mixed-methods approach is used, by employing a qualitative analysis of gardeners’ perceptions of "community", diversity and inclusivity, through the lens of "cognitive" social capital, and the meanings the gardeners assign to their experiences, and how they understand their involvement in the gardens. We also examine "structural" dimensions of social capital, involving quantitative data from a questionnaire and data from Statistics Denmark, comparing data concerning socio-demographic backgrounds from gardeners and residents in the local neighbourhood and Copenhagen. Major findings include that the garden generates both bonding and bridging "cognitive" social capital, and the gardeners consistently agreed that the garden has a strong community, and is permeated by diversity and inclusivity. Nonetheless, data from Denmark’s Statistics Office reveal that the garden does not "represent" the diversity in the neighbourhood regarding the distribution of members with a Western/non-Western background, as well as social class. This suggests that endeavours to involve co-citizens with non-Western backgrounds and gardeners with lower social status are restrained by potential structural barriers, which limits the "width" of bridging social capital in the garden.     

Managing Indirect Environmental Impact within Local Authorities' Standardized Environmental Management Systems

Abstract

Many local authorities use standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) to improve their environmental management. These authorities often find it difficult to manage environmental impact caused by their exercise of authority i.e. indirect environmental impact (IEI) within their EMSs. Since this is connected to their core activities, it is important to understand how IEI could be more efficiently managed with respect to EMS work. The purpose for this paper is to study if and how IEI could be managed within the framework of EMS. In this study we have identified two different approaches to managing IEI. Because managing IEI is complex, it is often ignored when initiating EMSs or managed by explicitly avoid mentioning the concept. Managing IEI is seen as a matter of maturity within the organization. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding a developed definition of IEI and how management of IEI could be facilitated.     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

Application of an inclusion complex for determination of dithianon residues in water and fruits

A 3,3′-benzidine/β-cyclodextrin fluorescence derivative (BCDFD) was prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis and ¹H NMR. An inclusion complex was formed between BCDFD and the pesticide dithianon based on the internal cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and the binding constant (K_S ) of the inclusion complex was investigated. The inclusion complex could be applied for the determination of dithianon residues. Based on this, a sensitive method for the determination of dithianon was established. The linear dynamic range was from 0.63 to 12.5?mg?L^?1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927. The limit of detection for an aqueous solution of standard and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 10.6?µg?L^?1 and 0.76%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of dithianon residues in water and fruit samples with satisfactory results, and recoveries in the range of 96.0–108% were obtained. The method is rapid, direct, economical, and sensitive for dithianon analysis.