总量控制下环境容量产权交易及政府行为分析

利用经济学的原理，本文分析了环境容量的经济特点(不是环境容量产权交易的特征)，提出了环境容量产权交易的可行性和必要性。同时针对政府在环境容量产权交易中的作用进行了必要的分析。     

如何应对发达国家的环境保护壁垒

20世纪90年代以来,环境保护已成为世界各国政府关注的首要问题之一.出于保护本国消费者生命健康和生态环境的考虑,发达国家纷纷把环境保护壁垒作为其贸易壁垒的主要组成部分.我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,近年来在对美国等发达国家的贸易中保持了较大的顺差,且出口产品多为劳动密集型产品,因此受到发达国家环境保护壁垒的限制也较严重.从政府和企业两方面入手,讨论我国应如何应对发达国家的环境保护壁垒.     

中国国际贸易隐含碳文献比较研究

贸易中的隐含碳流动对中国的二氧化碳排放具有重要影响。从现有的文献来看,尽管出现了大量的针对中国贸易中隐含碳的相关研究,但由于数据及方法的不同,结果之间存在较大差异,很大程度上影响了研究结果的科学性和应用价值。本文对现有的中国国际贸易隐含碳文献进行了比较研究,结果发现:不同研究得出了相对一致的结论,但在隐含碳的具体数量上差异巨大。定性来看,中国是一个隐含碳净出口国,净出口量呈现出逐年增加的趋势。定量来看,1997-2007年,中国隐含碳出口量从3.1-8.8亿t增长到17.2-30.2亿t二氧化碳;隐含碳进口量从1.0-7.0亿t增长到5.8-16.5亿t二氧化碳;隐含碳净出口量从1.8-7.3亿t增长到11.4-22.6亿t二氧化碳;隐含碳净出口量占国内总排放量的比重由5%-20%增长到17%-30%。贸易中隐含碳核算结果的不确定性主要来自三个方面:核算方法产生的不确定性、数据融合产生的不确定性以及原始数据引入的不确定性。总体来看,多区域投入产出模型的研究结果相对稳定,可重复性较高;从数据精度和数据可获得性方面考虑,40个左右的部门分类可以取得较为理想的结果:把中国划分为多个区域研究国际贸易中的隐含碳在理论上更加可靠。国家气候变化对外谈判和国内减排目标的实现都需要对碳排放进行精确管理。在未来的研究中,应重视隐含碳核算的不确定性研究,逐步提高隐含碳核算的精度,更好地服务于国家的气候变化政策。     

中国虚拟水贸易的测算及影响因素研究

本文测算2005年、2007年与2010年3个年度中国虚拟水进出口贸易量,采用投入产出及IO-SDA等方法分解分析其变化的影响因素。研究结果显示部门间用水系数差距都非常大,直接用水系数最大的农业部门857.9 t/万元(3年平均值,下同),与直接用水系数最小的部门差距达600倍之多。完全用水系数最大的也为农业部门1 078.7 t/万元,与完全用水系数最小的部门亦达113倍。各部门的完全用水系数和直接用水系数也存在较大不同,有些部门完全用水系数和直接用水系数差距很大,如服装皮革羽绒及其制品业部门差距达115倍,食品制造及烟草加工业部门差距达618.5 t/万元;而有些部门差距非常小,如农业部门差距仅仅0.24倍,煤炭开采和洗选业部门差距仅为8.2 t/万元。虚拟水出口量和进口量分别从2005年的1 774.3亿t和1 378.7亿t增加到2010年的2 254.1亿t和1 836.5亿t,且出口量一直大于进口量。影响因素分解显示,在此期间,进出口规模的增加是虚拟水贸易量增加的主要影响因素,其中出口规模合计为103 698.8×10~6t,进口规模合计为80 401.2×10~6t。进出口贸易结构的影响在不同部门间存在较大的差异。真实用水系数和真实中间投入技术是虚拟水贸易变化的主要负向因素,其中真实用水系数对虚拟水出口与进口的影响分别为-36 793.2×10~6t和-34 668.3×10~6t,真实中间投入技术对虚拟水出口与进口的影响分别为-1 719.7×10~6t和-1 660.8×10~6t,表明在此期间用水效率和中间投入效率都得到了改善。另外,直接用水系数和中间投入技术分解出的结构效应都不明显,中间投入进口比率效应也不明显。     

Level of environmental threat posed by horticultural trade in Cactaceae

Ornamental horticulture has been identified as an important threat to plant biodiversity and is a major pathway for plant invasions worldwide. In this context, the family Cactaceae is particularly challenging because it is considered the fifth most threatened large taxonomic group in the world; several species are among the most widespread and damaging invasive species; and Cactaceae is one of the most popular horticultural plant groups. Based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and the 11 largest online auction sites selling cacti, we documented the international cactus trade. To provide an in‐depth look at the dynamics of the industry, we surveyed the businesses involved in the cactus trade in South Africa (a hotspot of cactus trade and invasions). We purchased seeds of every available species and used DNA barcoding to identify species to the genus level. Although <20% of this trade involved threatened species and <3% involved known invasive species, many species were identified by a common name. However, only 0.02% of the globally traded cacti were collected from wild populations. Despite a large commercial network, all South African imports (of which 15% and 1.5% were of species listed as threatened and invasive, respectively) came from the same source. With DNA barcoding, we identified 24% of the species to genus level. Based on our results, we believe that if trade restrictions are placed on the small proportion of cacti that are invasive and there is no major increase in harvesting of native populations, then the commercial trade in cactus poses a negligible environmental threat. However, there are currently no effective methods for easily identifying which cacti are traded, and both the illicit harvesting of cacti from the wild and the informal trade in invasive taxa pose on‐going conservation challenges.     

Global Trade in Exotic Pets 2006–2012

International trade in exotic pets is an important and increasing driver of biodiversity loss and often compromises the standards required for good animal welfare. We systematically reviewed the scientific and gray literature and used the United Nations Environment Programme ‐ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) trade database to establish temporal and geographical trade patterns of live exotic birds, mammals, and reptiles and to describe trends in research, taxonomic representation, and level of threat and legal protection of species traded. Birds were the most species‐rich and abundant class reported in trade; reptiles were second most abundant but unusually the most studied in this context; and mammals were least abundant in trade. Mammalian and reptilian species traded as pets were more likely to be threatened than expected by random. There have been a substantial number of Appendix I listed captive‐bred mammals and birds and wild‐caught birds and reptiles reported in trade to CITES. We identified the Middle East's emerging role as a driver of demand for exotic pets of all taxa alongside the well‐established and increasing role of South America and Southeast Asia in the market. Europe, North America, and the Middle East featured most heavily in trade reports to CITES, whereas trade involving South America and Southeast Asia were given most emphasis in the literature. For effective monitoring of and appropriate response to the international exotic pet trade, it is imperative that the reliability and detail of CITES trade reports improve and that scientific research be directed toward those taxa and locations that are most vulnerable. El Mercado Global de Mascotas Exóticas 2006‐2012     

Toward a new understanding of the links between poverty and illegal wildlife hunting

Conservation organizations have increasingly raised concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trade in wildlife. Previous studies have concluded that people hunt illegally because they are financially poor or lack alternative livelihood strategies. However, there has been little attempt to develop a richer understanding of the motivations behind contemporary illegal wildlife hunting. As a first step, we reviewed the academic and policy literatures on poaching and illegal wildlife use and considered the meanings of poverty and the relative importance of structure and individual agency. We placed motivations for illegal wildlife hunting within the context of the complex history of how wildlife laws were initially designed and enforced to indicate how hunting practices by specific communities were criminalized. We also considered the nature of poverty and the reasons for economic deprivation in particular communities to indicate how particular understandings of poverty as material deprivation ultimately shape approaches to illegal wildlife hunting. We found there is a need for a much better understanding of what poverty is and what motivates people to hunt illegally.     

协调中国环境污染与经济增长冲突的路径研究——基于环境退化成本的分析

选取我国1990-2009年相关数据,首先对环境遥化成本进行估计,发现我国环境退化成本呈现不断上升的趋势,而水污染、空气污染是导致环境退化成本产生的主要原因.其次,以环境退化成本作为污染指标,结合环境库兹涅茨曲线的特征,并以能否有效地将污染指标降低到相对较低的水平,作为政策路径选择的标准,分析协调我国环境污染与经济增长冲突的路径.实证研究结果表明:在不考虑政策因素的影响下,我国目前国内生产总值水平仍处在环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的左端,经济持续增长有可能导致环境状况进一步恶化;多项环境治理政策的同步实施,致使个别政策出现低效率甚至是无效率;在当前产出水平条件下,既要保证经济平稳增长,又要降低环境退化成本,政策路径的选择首先应注重产业结构的调整,适当保持第二产业比重,但在发展第三产业的过程中,应加大对污染企业的监管与治理,其次是调整国际贸易进出口比例,积极扩大出口,而采用吸引外商直接投资与加大污染治理投资等政策在我国现阶段均不能有效降低环境退化成本.     

环境问题对我国对外贸易的影响

随着世界经济一体化的发展和全球环境保护浪潮的兴起,贸易与环境问题日益得到世界各国政府的关注。文章阐述了环境问题与贸易的关系,并讨论了环境问题对我国对外贸易产生的各种影响。     

餐饮业建筑功能规划及设施建设的环保问题思考

在酒店厨房工程设计和施工的实践工作基础上,对目前城市餐饮建设项目现状与居民生活环境之间存在的矛盾加以归纳、分析,根据问题现状,分别从城市餐饮业建筑功能规划、餐饮业厨房建筑设施建设相关的环保问题及全民参与环境保护等方面提出具体的解决对策。