Comparison of Solid-Phase and Pore-Water Approaches for Assessing the Quality of Marine and Estuarine Sediments

As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal.     

东方大港的探讨—利用GIS对宁波深水港的分析

根据孙中山先生提出的在我国北、东、南建立三方大港的思想，对我国东部沿海的宁波港进行了分析。在对其历史和现状分析的基础上，借助于现代的信息系统技术和遥感技术，对宁波港的水深状况和集疏运输情况进行了进一步分析，并与北、南二大深水港大连港、广州港、以及我国目前最大的上海港作了比较，提出了正在快速发展的宁波港有潜力成为我国的东方大港，为国家对港口的宏观布局提供了依据。     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

赤潮灾害与大气尘埃铁输送的关系

赤潮对全球海洋生态环境的危害已引起人们的高度关注.在综述赤潮发生的基本条件和铁对海洋初级生产力限制作用的基础上,讨论了大气尘埃铁与赤潮灾害的关系,以及季风对尘埃铁的输送,以利于深入了解诱发赤藻的营养物质的提供途径,为我国沿海赤潮危害的预报预警,提供了新的研究思路.     

海洋溢油和含油废水排放的对策

海洋是人类赖以生存的第二大场所。开发海洋石油资源必须做到既要把石油资源开采出来，又要保护海洋生态环境不遭受污染。概述了溢油的污染机理、计算方法、预防措施。     

监测与管理并重,为建设海上大连赢得先机

针对近年来海域环境污染的重点和热点问题 ,阐述了大连市环境监测站在强化自身能力建设、海洋环境监测、环境科研及环境管理方面所做的有益探索     

The coastal component of the U.S. integrated ocean observing system

The combined effects of human activities and natural variability present significant challenges to the goals of protecting, restoring, and sustaining coastal ecosystems. Meeting these challenges and resolving conflicts in an informed fashion will require: (1) more timely detection and prediction of environmental changes and their consequences; and (2) more timely access to relevant environmental information. The achievement of these goals depends on the development of a sustained and integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) that insures timely access to the data and information required to improve: (1) climate predictions and the effects of changes in the weather on coastal populations; (2) efforts to sustain and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems and living marine resources; and (3) compliance monitoring and evaluations of the efficacy of environmental policies. Although the responsible federal and state agencies all require similar environmental information, many separate programs have evolved for collecting, managing, and analyzing data for various purposes. Consequently, there is too much redundancy; access to diverse data from disparate sources is limited and time consuming; and individual programs are inevitably underfunded and too limited in scope. A system is needed that coordinates and integrates many of the elements of these programs to minimize redundancy, be more comprehensive, provide more timely access to data and information, and satisfy the information needs of a greater number of user groups in a more cost-effective fashion. This is the purpose of the ICOOS.     

岸滩侵蚀的环境工程观念

本文从环境工程的角度讨论了岸滩侵蚀问题中建立分析模型的基本框架.讨论了岸滩岩土介质在风浪潮作用下,根据不同的侵蚀准则所建立的岸滩沉积物在近海迁移和传输的模型.得出了岸滩的侵蚀、演变过程由三相组成的结论,第一相是与饱和多孔介质经受动力载荷变形和损伤相联系的固态相;第二相是关于介质侵蚀和剥离的流-固态混合相;第三相是流动和沉积物运输的流体相.从分析讨论还可以看出,岸滩侵蚀演化的模拟分析可在岸滩介质的动力固结、悬浮介质扩散漂移及海浪流体动力学理论相互交叉的基础上,针对海岸环境工程问题中的观念和现象来建模并完成.研究表明,在分析海滩侵蚀和海岸演化过程的机理时,采用海洋环境工程学中的相关方法可以得到更符合实际状况的结果.用损伤力学方法建摸研究岸滩介质的侵蚀和沙化过程,可以将海岸沉积物的迁移速率描述为海床面上的等效摩擦剪应力、损伤状态、侵蚀参数及介质的孔隙冲蚀率的函数.在岸滩侵蚀和演化机理研究中将海岸沉积物的纵向迁移和横向迁移理论相结合的模型有一定的优越性,这为岸滩侵蚀与海岸演变提供了定量的分析方法.     

Similarity theory and parameterization of mixing in the upper ocean

Boundary layers with small thermal and mechanical inertia are close to steady-state conditions. This underlies the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and explains why the surface values of the fluxes can be chosen as external parameters. For fluids with large thermal inertia, such as the ocean, the thermal time scale is relatively large, and the density flux is a complex function of depth; thus, the external thermal forcing is no longer a governing parameter. However, the mechanical inertia of the upper ocean is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the thermal inertia. Consequently, the upper ocean can be considered as steady-state in the dynamic sense, to any dynamic property depends primarily on the depth, the surface momentum flux, and the vertical density structure. This property allows us to suggest an alternative formulation of the similarity theory for the stratified boundary layers through specification of a new stratification parameter which characterizes the internal density structure instead of the external density flux. The turbulent mixing coefficient is derived as dependent on the stratification parameter. The latter includes the surface stress and the integral density deficit for the entire layer above. The general form and the asymptotic behavior of the nondimensional turbulent mixing coefficient as a function of the stratification parameter are obtained using dimensional considerations. Determination of numerical parameters is based on 8 years of temperature profiles acquired at the Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) PAPA. Finally, a method for calculating the profile of the turbulent mixing coefficient is obtained. This approach reproduces the 8-year evolution of the upper ocean with the maximum rms difference of approximately 1C and the bias of 1C over the depth range 0–150 m. Additional 1-year simulation of the upper ocean at OWS CHARLEY and 9-year simulation at OWS NOVEMBER confirms reasonable applicability of this approach. The proposed simple turbulent mixing scheme reproduces the evolution of the upper ocean with accuracies similar to those obtained using much more complicated models.     

热带海—气的相互作用与地球自转—用天文方法预测ENSO事件

本文介绍了热带海洋、大气的相互作用,着重描述了它们与地球自转年际速率变化的关系和物理过程的联系,以及用天文观测的日长变化资料预测ENSO事件的方法和尝试.