生态工业园内的水资源循环模型

目前，工业生态学在我国有了很大程度的发展，它已成为环境管理和规划领域研究的热点问题。本文简要介绍生态工业园的概念和理论后，重点阐述了生态工业园区内水资源循环模型的构建，并以青白江工业集中发展区为例，建立工业园区内的水资源循环再生模型，以期对我国的生态工业园区的水资源规划和循环再生利用提供依据。     

滨海化工区水污染物排放现状与减排潜力分析

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水因污染种类复杂,具有高盐、高毒、难降解等特点,是滨海新区污染物控源减排的主要威胁。通过对滨海化工区水污染物排放现状与减排潜力进行分析研究,得知化学原料及化学制品制造业在石化行业中耗水量最大,占石化行业总新鲜水消耗量的70.3%～80%;其废水、COD和氨氮的排放量最高;除橡胶和塑料制品业外,其他3个行业废水排放量逐年减少;滨海新区化工行业万元工业增加值水耗与全国及天津市相比存在一定差距,有较大的减排潜力;从其未来发展趋势来看,近期仍将是以污染末端治理为主要途径。但从远景来看,在生产环节减少外排污水量,大力推广清洁生产机制,建立企业间废水的循环利用模式才是其必然归宿。     

工业园区废水集中治理方法分析

工业园区已成为工业企业集中发展的平台.在经济发展的同时,工业园区废水污染给环境带来了沉重负担,对工业园区废水管理与治理刻不容缓.通过对电镀工业园区、化学和石化工业园区、纺织印染工业园区和综合工业园区废水水质特性及废水集中治理案例的分析,总结了工业园区废水集中处理的常用工艺,为类似工业园区废水集中处理和管理提供参考.     

化工园区安全规划方法与程序研究

针对我国化工园区急剧发展,且无统一的安全规划方法指导的现状,分析了化工园区安全规划的目的、指导思想与一般原则;对国外常用的"基于安全距离"、"基于后果"和"基于风险"等3种安全规划技术方法进行比较研究,给出基于区域性定量风险评价方法的化工园区安全规划技术思路;进而提出了化工园区安全规划应至少包括化工园区工厂选址与土地使用安全规划、化工园区安全管理模式研究和化工园区应急体系建设及应急预案编制等3项内容,并给出了化工园区安全规划的基本程序。笔者建议,将化工园区安全规划的内容纳入化工园区的总体规划,在化工园区规划、开发和建设过程中编制化工园区安全规划。     

一种工业园区生态系统健康评价方法及其应用

采用生态系统健康理论分析工业园区生态环境问题为优化生态系统结构和完善系统功能提供科学依据,具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。构建了工业园区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,该指标体系包括了复合生态系统中社会、经济、自然3个子系统,反映了活力、组织结构、恢复力的状况。并着重采用全排列多边形图示指标评价方法,对苏州工业园区生态系统在各个规划时期的健康状况进行了定量评价,进而指出制约因子并提出相应的诊断方案。评价结果表明,苏州工业园区生态系统健康的综合指数在2002规划年为054,在2005规划年为065,在2010规划年将为078,在2020规划年将为088。     

Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves

There is profound interest in knowing the degree to which China's institutions are capable of protecting its natural forests and biodiversity in the face of economic and political change. China's 2 most important forest‐protection policies are its National Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and its national‐level nature reserves (NNRs). The NFPP was implemented in 2000 in response to deforestation‐caused flooding. We undertook the first national, quantitative assessment of the NFPP and NNRs to examine whether the NFPP achieved its deforestation‐reduction target and whether the NNRs deter deforestation altogether. We used MODIS data to estimate forest cover and loss across mainland China (2000–2010). We also assembled the first‐ever polygon dataset for China's forested NNRs (n = 237, 74,030 km² in 2000) and used both conventional and covariate‐matching approaches to compare deforestation rates inside and outside NNRs (2000–2010). In 2000, 1.765 million km² or 18.7% of mainland China was forested (12.3% with canopy cover of ≥70%)) or woodland (6.4% with canopy cover <70% and tree plus shrub cover ≥40%). By 2010, 480,203 km² of forest and woodland had been lost, an annual deforestation rate of 2.7%. Forest‐only loss was 127,473 km² (1.05% annually). In the NFPP provinces, the forest‐only loss rate was 0.62%, which was 3.3 times lower than in the non‐NFPP provinces. Moreover, the Landsat data suggest that these loss rates are overestimates due to large MODIS pixel size. Thus, China appears to have achieved, and even exceeded, its target of reducing deforestation to 1.1% annually in the NFPP provinces. About two‐thirds of China's NNRs were effective in protecting forest cover (prevented loss 4073 km² unmatched approach; 3148 km² matched approach), and within‐NNR deforestation rates were higher in provinces with higher overall deforestation. Our results indicate that China's existing institutions can protect domestic forest cover.     

Coherence between marine and land use planning: public attitudes to landscapes in the context of siting a wind park along the Latvian coast of the Baltic Sea

The aim of this paper is to contribute to coherence in marine, coastal and land use planning and management from the perspective of landscape values. At a time when new sea uses are emerging and marine spatial planning laws and regulations are being adopted, but have not yet been put into practice, research studies are required that provide spatial planners with informed insights concerning public stakeholder attitudes to controversial policies. The undertaken research explored the attitudes of two important social groups (local residents and tourists/recreational users) regarding locating wind parks in the marine and/or terrestrial environment along the Latvian coast of the Baltic Sea. The results of the study indicate that both groups support land-based wind park development versus offshore. Moreover, the visibility of wind turbines influences the willingness of tourists to visit recreation sites and impacts directly on their duration of stay. Research findings indicate that policy makers and spatial planners from both marine and land domains should adopt a broader and more integrated approach when setting priorities and allocating space for development activities where both domains are involved.     

天津滨海某化工园区废水预处理去毒技术研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水因污染种类复杂,具有高盐、高毒、难降解等特点,是滨海新区污染物控制的主要威胁。通过对滨海某化工区实际废水进行几种主流预处理技术及其组合工艺的研究,明晰了其在实验条件下各自的特点,验证了其实际处理效果,进一步掌握了其反应过程中的特性,为研究后续的示范工程应用及大规模推广打下基础。实验表明,制药废水经内电解处理后毒性削减率最高可达到46%,对化学合成废水有较好的去毒效果,该技术可有效地提高制药废水的可生化性;光催化氧化对苯胺和氯苯的最佳降解条件分别是15 g/L TiO(23 h)及17.5 g/L TiO2;负载型纳米铁和纳米四氧化三铁催化剂分别适合极酸和中性、偏碱性条件,催化效率高,COD去除效果好。     

基于UNMIX模型的北京城区公园土壤重金属源解析

城市公园是城市环境中重要的生态功能区和人们的主要公共娱乐休闲场所.为了分析北京城区公园的土壤环境质量,采集了北京城区121个公园土壤样本,分析了5种重金属（Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd）的含量水平,并采用UNMIX模型对上述重金属进行源解析.结果表明:①北京城区公园土壤中w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值分别为63.57、35.49、36.43、145.68、0.49 mg/kg.除w（Cr）外,w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于区域背景值.5种重金属含量均未超过GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的筛选值,说明北京城区公园土壤环境质量整体状况良好.②城市化时间和公园存续时间是影响重金属累积的重要因素.城市中心区重金属积累是历史和高负荷交通共同影响的结果.③源解析分析显示,北京城区公园土壤重金属存在三大污染源,其中,源1对w（Cr）的贡献占主导作用,为土壤母质和特殊工业源,贡献率为21.38%;源2对w（Cd）的贡献高于其他重金属,为工农业混合源,贡献率为35.43%;源3对w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）的贡献较高,为交通源,贡献率为43.19%.研究显示,历史上的工农业活动是北京城市公园土壤重金属的重要来源.      

A Property Rights Approach to Understanding Human Displacement from Protected Areas: the Case of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  The physical, economic, and sociocultural displacement of local peoples from protected areas generates intense discussion among scholars and policy makers. To foster greater precision and clarity in these discussions, we used a conceptual framework from the political economy literature to examine different forms of human displacement from protected areas. Using marine protected areas (MPAs) to ground our analysis, we characterized the 5 types of property rights that are reallocated (lost, secured, and gained) through the establishment of protected areas. All forms of MPA "displacement" involve reallocation of property rights, but the specific types and bundles of rights lost, secured, and gained dramatically shape the magnitude, extent, and equity of MPA impacts—positive and negative—on governance, economic well-being, health, education, social capital, and culture. The impacts of reallocating rights to MPA resources vary within and among social groups, inducing changes in society, in patterns of resource use, and in the environment. To create more environmentally sustainable and socially just conservation practice, a critical next step in conservation social science research is to document and explain variation in the social impacts of protected areas.