Human Migration,Protected Areas,and Conservation Outreach in Tanzania

A recent discussion debates the extent of human in‐migration around protected areas (PAs) in the tropics. One proposed argument is that rural migrants move to bordering areas to access conservation outreach benefits. A counter proposal maintains that PAs have largely negative effects on local populations and that outreach initiatives even if successful present insufficient benefits to drive in‐migration. Using data from Tanzania, we examined merits of statistical tests and spatial methods used previously to evaluate migration near PAs and applied hierarchical modeling with appropriate controls for demographic and geographic factors to advance the debate. Areas bordering national parks in Tanzania did not have elevated rates of in‐migration. Low baseline population density and high vegetation productivity with low interannual variation rather than conservation outreach explained observed migration patterns. More generally we argue that to produce results of conservation policy significance, analyses must be conducted at appropriate scales, and we caution against use of demographic data without appropriate controls when drawing conclusions about migration dynamics. La Migración Humana, Áreas Protegidas y el Alcance de la Conservación en Tanzania     

Protected-Area Monitoring Dilemmas: a New Tool to Assess Success

Abstract:  Understanding factors that influence the success of protected areas in curbing unsustainable resource consumption is essential for determining best management strategies and allocating limited resources to those projects most likely to succeed. I used a law-enforcement and monitoring game-theory model from the political science literature to identify three key variables useful in predicting the success of a protected area: costs of monitoring for rule breakers, benefits of catching a rule breaker, and probability of catching a rule breaker if monitoring. Although assigning exact values for each of these variables was difficult, the variables had a strong predictive capacity even when coded as coarse ordinal values. A model in which such values were used correctly predicted the outcome of 88 of 116 protected areas sampled from the peer-reviewed literature. The model identified a critical zone of common mismatch between protected-area circumstances and management policies. In situations where the costs of monitoring were greater than the product of the probability of catching a rule breaker and the benefit of doing so, conservation was unlikely to succeed. Control of illegal use of protected resources was reported in only 8% of such cases, regardless of strategies to motivate potential users to cooperate with conservation. My model does not prescribe a best management policy for conserving natural resources; rather, it can be used as a tool to help predict whether a proposed management policy will likely succeed in a given situation.     

Dimensions and models of contemporary public space management in England

This article discusses the concept of public space management and its evolution in a context of wider changes to urban governance. Public space management is taken as a sphere of urban governance in which conflicting societal demands on, and aspirations for, public space are interpreted through a set of processes and practices. Four interlinked dimensions for public space management are proposed: the co-ordination of interventions; the regulation of uses and conflicts between uses; the definition and deployment of maintenance routines; and investment in public spaces and their services. Within this conceptual framework, the paper looks at recent changes in public space management in England to suggest the emergence of alternative models of management. These are based on the roles ascribed to the state, to private agents and to user organisations, and on different approaches to dealing with the four management dimensions. Although the discussion shows that these models are more than just abstract formulations, and have been used to deal with a variety of public space problems, an important purpose for the paper is to provide an analytical framework through which to examine emergent practices in the management of public space and their potential consequences.     

上海工业区环境空气VOCs预警值及特征物种筛选方法研究

在上海市大气污染物排放标准的基础上,结合国家相关标准提出了工业区环境空气中47项VOCs指标的预警值。根据VOCs污染物的有毒有害性和异味特征、浓度特征和光化学活性特征,分别定义了T-特征污染物、C-特征污染物和O-特征污染物,并提出了各类特征污染物的筛选方法。将VOCs预警值和特征污染物筛选方法应用于上海市工业园区在线监测点,结果显示预警值较为适用,可以达到较好的预警目标;特征污染物筛选结果合理,且能从不同角度反映各站点周边污染源特征。     

Perceptions of a Nearby Exurban Protected Area in South Carolina,United States

To address the dearth of literature on the relations between local residents in urban areas and nearby higher-order exurban protected areas, this study examined the perceptions of Columbia (South Carolina) residents toward Congaree National Park. Mail-out survey results from a random sample of 455 adult residents showed positive overall attitudes toward the park, although this did not extend to a desire to personally volunteer in park activities. Cluster analysis on the basis of seven perceptual statements produced three groups: “very enthusiastic park supporters” (VEPS), accounting for one fourth of the sample; “less enthusiastic park supporters” (LEPS), accounting for approximately one half of the sample; and “ambivalents” (AMBS), accounting for the rest. The AMBS tend to be younger than members of the other clusters and have higher income, but enthusiasm was more clearly related to high levels of interaction and awareness relative to the park. Managerial implications of the study are considered, including the need to encourage higher levels of park awareness and visitation, as well as more ecologically responsible behavior, among residents of the greater Columbia urban area.     

建设绿色产业示范园区为循环农业发展提供厂阔平台

绿色产业示范园区在发展绿色经济和发展循环经济形势的引导下，对发展循环农业方面进行了多种探索和尝试，为发展循环农业提供了广阔平台。重点介绍各地方政府在绿色产业示范园区建设过程中所采取的促进循环农业发展的具体措施及成效。     

Giving parks back to people: a transportation study of New Orleans City Park with implications for improving public health

Park planning, once at the root of the profession during the nineteenth century, can again provide cities with a means to improve public health through restricting access to automobiles. This intercept study, conducted in New Orleans City Park, found that two-thirds of users support weekend street closures to automobiles. Widespread support (63%) exists even among the 72% of people who arrived by automobile. This study also found measurable stated benefits from restricting car access. For more than 53% of the sample that stated that they would walk more in a car-free zone, respondents noted that they would walk nearly 30?min more per month. These findings suggest that planners and policy-makers have a cost-effective option to improve cities and public health – taming the automobile in urban parks.     

特征分析法在大气环境监测布点中的应用

文章借助李钟山等学者提出的特征分析方法的理论模型,将特征分析法应用于大气监测布点的优化中,以广州市番禺区工业区群的17个监测点为例,得出这17个监测点的联系度矩阵YT=[2.0812.5502.4182.4452.2122.1662.4182.0812.4182.5502.0812.4182.4182.0342.4452.5502.010],根据联系度大小接近原则进行聚类,可以将上述17个监测点大致分为5组,这与实际情况相吻合,因而是可行的。     

上海市工业园区投资环境评价研究

在回顾大量关于投资环境评价方法相关文献的基础上，考虑了传统的区位因子和现代工业园区布局要素条件，建立了区位条件、腹地支撑能力、微观环境、规模及发育程度和创新能力5个子系统，并相应选取了16项评价因素和40个评价指标。选用主成分分析方法计算出权重值，然后根据权重计算出上海工业园区综合评价值，最后对上海市工业园区的投资环境做出总体评价。总体上，上海市级以上工业园区的投资环境接近中等水平，整体水平仍有待于进一步提高。各子系统对综合评价值的贡献程度不一，综合评价值高的园区，每个子系统的贡献率比较均匀，差异性比较小。综合评价值比较低的园区，各子系统的贡献率不均匀，差异性比较大。尤其在创新能力方面，所有工业园区都表现出不足, 今后要重点改善，以进一步提升上海市整体工业园区的投资环境。     

综合型工业园生态化推进探讨

本文从综合型工业园形成的政策背景、发展历程和动力机制入手，在形成机理、管理模式和产业特点等方面研究了综合型工业园的基本特征。结果表明，我国的综合型工业园采取的政府和公司化交错和分工的管理模式；以多种产业并存或若干企业主导；而且大量小规模的传统企业与现代化规模化企业混杂，居住区与现代化工业并存，尚未形成良好的生态空间布局和功能组团布局，尚未形成物质减量化的空间格局。在此基础上初步探讨了综合型工业园生态化稚进的内涵、理念、组成和建设重点。