基于层次分析法的工业园区环境风险评价指标权重分析

针对环境风险评价的特征,从HJ/T 169—2004《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》、GB 18218—2009《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》等现有环境风险评估技术规范和标准中直接筛选了物质危险性、主要原料最大存量与临界量、原料中有毒有害物质使用量等10项指标;结合工业园区环境风险区域性、复杂性及综合性等特征,提出了行业类别、危险废物处理处置方式、污染物排放方式和污染物排放浓度达标情况等9项指标,共计19项指标作为工业园区环境风险评价指标体系. 在我国东、中和西部地区近20个工业园区的管理者、企业及园区公众发放600份问卷,运用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建了工业园区环境风险评价指标权重递阶层次结构模型. 模型结果显示,影响工业园区环境风险等级准则层权重依次为风险源(0.4663)、监管机制(0.3010)和受体(0.2327);累积性环境风险源特征指标中危险废物处理处置方式 (权重居第1位,下同)和污染物排放浓度达标情况(第2位)指标权重较突发性风险源特征指标——物质危险性 (第4位)、原料中有毒有害物质使用量占比 (第9位)、主要原料最大储存量与临界值(第18位)等指标排序优先;对于体现工业园区环境风险预防和监管的指标权重相对较高,如行业类别,园区环境监控情况、环境风险监管机制中日常环境管理制度中的环境监控情况 (第5位)权重也高出了环境风险制度体系中事故应急预案(第8位)指标权重;但是,在对受体关注程度上生态环境质量和安全等指标的权重仍旧很小.      

武威黄羊工业园循环化改造实践研究

产业园区是发展循环经济的重要载体,如何以企业为节点进行产业园区循环化改造,是国家发展循环经济的重点任务。基于循环经济理论的"减量化、再利用、再循环"原则,按照产业园区循环化改造可推广、可复制、可借鉴的要求,以武威黄羊工业园区为例,以其发展过程中存在的问题为依据,确定了循环化改造的主要任务,并就主导产业链进行了循环化改造,为农副产品加工园区的循环化改造提供一些借鉴。     

Exploring human–nature interactions in national parks with social media photographs and computer vision

Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. Conservation culturomics promotes the use of user-generated online content in conservation science. Geotagged social media content is a unique source of in situ information on human presence and activities in nature. Photographs posted on social media platforms are a promising source of information, but analyzing large volumes of photographs manually remains laborious. We examined the application of state-of-the-art computer-vision methods to studying human–nature interactions. We used semantic clustering, scene classification, and object detection to automatically analyze photographs taken in Finnish national parks by domestic and international visitors. Our results showed that human–nature interactions can be extracted from user-generated photographs with computer vision. The different methods complemented each other by revealing broad visual themes related to level of the data set, landscape photogeneity, and human activities. Geotagged photographs revealed distinct regional profiles for national parks (e.g., preferences in landscapes and activities), which are potentially useful in park management. Photographic content differed between domestic and international visitors, which indicates differences in activities and preferences. Information extracted automatically from photographs can help identify preferences among diverse visitor groups, which can be used to create profiles of national parks for conservation marketing and to support conservation strategies that rely on public acceptance. The application of computer-vision methods to automatic content analysis of photographs should be explored further in conservation culturomics, particularly in combination with rich metadata available on social media platforms.     

四川省工业园区绿色发展水平及对策研究

工业园区绿色制造体系建设是全面推进工业绿色发展的重要环节之一,对缓解当前资源约束、供给侧结构性改革和加快推动绿色增长具有积极意义。通过对四川省内32个工业园区2018年度绿色制造体系建设情况相关数据的收集整理和分析研究,对四川省工业园区整体绿色发展水平现状有了初步的了解,发现当前四川省工业园区整体绿色发展水平偏低,与发达地区工业园区尚存较大差距。从而提出相应对策,建议工业园区尽快完善标准体系、调整产业结构、建立远期绿色发展规划和加强绿色发展信息化的工作,为工业园区未来的绿色发展提供参考及帮助。     

国家公园分区管控的实践总结与制度进阶

分区管控是实现国家公园严格保护与合理利用双重目的的基础制度,也是保障原住居民发展权益的有效途径。梳理总结各试点公园的分区管控制度,本文发现存在实体规范各行其是、程序规范先天不足、责任规范流于形式的问题,难以实现保护优先、兼顾利用之间的关系。国家公园法应统一分区标准,采取二阶结构的分区管控制度,首先以世界自然保护联盟提出的"三圈层"模式划分严格保护区、缓冲区、一般控制区,进而将一般控制区划分为游憩展示区和传统利用区,并将生态保育修复区作为特别的"动态分区"。同时,提高国家公园规划及变更的审批权限并完善分区管控的法律责任,以实现实质的差别化管控和严格规范的管理。     

工业园区温室气体核算方法研究

碳达峰碳中和已成为我国重要的国家战略,作为工业发展的重要载体,工业园区贡献了全国50%以上的工业产出和31%左右的碳排放,是我国控碳减碳的重要靶点。准确把握园区碳排放特点,对制定针对性减碳举措意义重大。然而,工业园区温室气体排放核算方法尚未统一,需结合园区特点进行深入探讨。本研究分析了工业园区组成结构与发展特征,将园区的碳排放源归类为能源消费、工业过程和产品使用与废弃物处理处置三大类,比较不同核算方法,提出适合园区特点的温室气体排放清单建议,之后对国家级开发区开展案例研究,揭示其排放结构特征。结果显示,2015—2017年203家园区碳排放强度小幅增加,排放总量持续上升,总排放中超85%为直接排放,但三年内仍分别有100、98和92家园区的间接排放占自身总排放比重超过50%,间接排放是工业园区碳排放不可忽视的重要组份。最后,建议从间接排放占比显著或产城融合程度较高或以单一企业为绝对主体等特殊园区入手,探讨企业、园区、城市等不同层面碳排放核算之间的联系,构建园区低碳发展评价指标体系,推动工业园区温室气体核算标准的建立。     

“Guardianship” and the “Rural Workshop”—The First Quarter-century of U.K. Experience in Nature Conservation

In the U.K., the Countryside Act of 1968 represented the first “updating” of the pioneering National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Through the archival material that survives for the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Conservancy, the paper commemorates that first quarter-century of post-war adjustment to the needs of farming and wildlife conservation. It does so through a case study of the documented discussion, both inter-agency and within separate counsels, of whether agricultural improvement grants should be paid for land scheduled as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The post-war assumptions of both parties were shattered by clashes over the SSSIs of Cavenham Heath (Suffolk) and Waddingham Common (Lincolnshire). Characterized as a “cold” war, there was a point beyond which antipathy served no one's interests. Fully aware of the options available to policy-makers, both parties recognized the Countryside Bill as an opportunity to obtain greater protection for SSSIs without prejudicing the larger notions of guardianship of the rural resource and the importance that continued to be given to the countryside as the farmer's “workshop”.     

高科技园区的生态化管理

关于高科技因区管理方法的研究很多,但大多数只是从经济发展的角度出发,以追求最大的经济利益为目标。而生态化管理则坚持可持续发展原则,实现因区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体最大化。本文分析了高科技因区生态化管理的必要性,结合北京中关村的生态化管理对策和上海张江高科技因区的生态化管理方案,探讨如何在国内推进高科技因区的生态化管理的措施。     

Threats to beach resources and park boundaries caused by shoreline migration in an urban estuarine park

An evaluation of coastal processes, shoreline erosion, and shore management options for Conference House Park, New York, USA, reveals the problems associated with lack of congruence between jurisdictional boundaries and boundaries required for maintenance of beaches and shorefront park land. Rates of shoreline change are high despite low wave energies because bay beaches contain small amounts of sand. The park is so narrow in places that the shoreline will soon move out of park boundaries. This condition will eliminate natural beach resources, restrict access, and create political and administrative problems. Management strategies include revetment construction, beach nourishment, and acquisition of additional land. Obtaining the maximum length of shorefront to create a park may be less cost effective in maintaining natural beach resources than obtaining a shorter frontage and more compact shape that allows for shoreline movement. The problems of managing eroding shorelines in urban estuaries are acute because space is lacking, the cost of land is high, and the critical nature of shoreline erosion is disguised by low wave energies and lack of daily beach change.     

Advanced technology industry in Oxfordshire

The growth of advanced technology industry in Oxfordshire has mainly been generated from within the county. The increasing number of firms has attracted the interest of numerous property developers wishing to build science parks and business parks in and around Oxford. This is where growth has been highest, but where there are policies of restraint and to protect the green belt.