高盐度废水处理研究进展

高盐度废水中由于含有大量的溶解性物质,无机盐类在微生物生长过程中起着促进酶反应、维持膜平衡和调节渗透压的重要作用,但盐浓度过高,离子强度大,会造成质壁分离、细胞失活,使一般微生物难以在其中生长、繁殖,所以传统的生物法难以处理高盐度废水.文章就高盐度废水的物理、化学及生物处理研究进行综述.重点针对生物法中的耐盐微生物的研究现状进行探讨,分别阐述了耐盐的机理研究及耐盐菌在高盐废水中的研究,并提出了其在高盐废水应用中的展望.     

污水灌区土壤盐分动态研究

以天津东郊污灌区(慢速渗滤系统)为试验点,总结了土壤盐分的变化规律,并以粮地、菜地、稻地为代表分析了土壤中盐分变化动态,用污灌区土壤盐分动态平衡公式C_K-C_h=C_B-C_O测算,结果表明,只要灌区排水条件好,加上合理的科学灌溉,污灌区土壤盐分变化趋势是脱盐占主导地位,土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)有所改善,土壤质量有所提高.     

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Water Quality in a Mediterranean Catchment: The Llobregat River (NE Spain)

The Llobregat and Ter Rivers, typical Mediterranean catchments in Northeast Spain, supply water to more than 4.5 million inhabitants residing in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. The objective of this work is to study the factors that influence the surface water quality of Llobregat catchment. As such, spatial and temporal variations of more 50 water chemical parameters were monitored in 10 sampling sites for a period that extended from July 1996 to December 2000. The temperature, pH and conductivity were measured at sites, whereas metals were analysed using ICP-OES and ICP-MS instrumental techniques. The head waters of the Llobregat River catchment flow through detrital Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks resulting in calcium bicarbonate-type water with low mineral content. The high water quality of the waterhead is deteriorated in the upper-middle part of the catchment due to: occurrence of evaporite-bearing geological formations, and the mining and industrial activities related to potash exploitation. As a result, an obvious increase in Na, K, Mg, Cl-, Br, Rb, and Sr concentrations is reported leading to a sodium (potassium) chloride water type. This saline hydrochemical fingerprint persists downstream. This important feature renders the low water quality of the Llobregat River to be adequate for drinking supply purposes. In addition, the industrial and residential activities, specially at the lower part of the catchment, increases P, B, Mn, Fe, Pb, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Sb water concentrations.     

长江口及邻近水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布与环境因子的关系

根据2001~2003年间,每年5月长江口及邻近水域现场调查资料,分析了鱼卵仔鱼分布的年际变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示:鱼卵仔鱼的数量三年间的年际变化起伏较大,2002年为鱼卵高峰期,2003年为仔鱼峰值期。鱼卵以东经122°15′为界,呈现东少西多的分布格局,仔鱼则以30°45′为界,呈南少北多的分布趋势。盐度相对水温对鱼卵所产生的效应更为明显,水温较盐度则是影响仔鱼的更重要因子。长江径流量变动对鱼卵仔鱼数量和分布产生一定的影响。浮游桡足类与鱼卵仔鱼的摄食关系决定了其丰度变化影响着鱼卵仔鱼的数量变动。     

水盐梯度对闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为了揭示水盐梯度对河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,对闽江河口不同淹水环境和盐度下短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地土壤水稳性团聚体进行了测定与分析.结果表明:①闽江河口半咸水湿地和淡水湿地0～30 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体、微团聚体和大团聚体的含量分别为63.12%～77.49%、6.82%～31.64%、4.38%～22.63%.除20～30 cm土层外,高潮滩0～20 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体和大团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而增加,增幅分别为8.74%～9.85%和105.54%～144.40%;0～20 cm土壤微团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而降低,高潮滩降幅为59.56%～65.20%,低潮滩降幅为55.65%～60.92%.②高潮滩土壤团聚体稳定性随盐度的增加而增加,盐度对微团聚体、大团聚体含量(DR_(0.25))和平均重量直径(MWD)的作用力在不同土层均影响显著,盐度和淹水的交互作用对各级土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响均不显著.③土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤TC含量呈倒"U"型关系.综上,淹水环境变化对土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响较小,盐度和有机碳含量是影响闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的重要限制性参数.     

SALINITY INCREASES IN THE NAVAJO AQUIFER IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH1

ABSTRACT: Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Nava-jo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the lsmay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.     

盐度对细菌菌株降解苯酚的影响

从处理苯酚废水活性污泥中筛选分离到四株苯酚降解优势细菌菌株JHCFS1,JHCFS2,JHCFS3与JHCFS4,通过四株细菌在不同盐度条件下的苯酚降解率表明,随着盐浓度的逐渐升高,抑制作用逐渐增大,当NaCl,KCl浓度为4%时,四株细菌降解苯酚均受到显著抑制。苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,NaCl浓度为3%时,JHCFS2的降解率最高为83%,JHCFS4的降解率最低为47.20%;KCl浓度为3%时,JHCFS2的降解率最高为99%,JHCFS4的降解率最低为48%,表明四株菌在盐浓度(NaCl,KCl)低于3%的条件下可正常降解苯酚。通过对四株菌的16S rRNA基因克隆与序列分析,在NCBI进行BLAST获得同源性序列,利用Clustalx1.8软件和MEGA4.0软件进行同源性比较和系统发育学分析,结合生理生化特性将菌株JHCFS1,JHCFS2,JHCFS3与JHCFS4(GenBank收录号:FJ455076,FJ455077,FJ458437与FJ458438)分别归为Bacillus simplex,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus pumilus与Bacillus cibi,为降解苯酚提供了微生物物种资源。     

pH和盐度对海河干流表层沉积物吸附解吸磷(P)的影响

采用等温吸附解吸方法,研究大范围pH（2~12）和盐度（2‰~32‰）对海河表层沉积物吸附解吸磷的影响,并与分级提取技术得到的海河沉积物中磷形态分布相结合,进一步探讨磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化机理.结果表明,钙磷（Ca-P）和难溶态磷（Re-P）为海河表层沉积物磷的主要形态.沉积物对磷的吸附符合修正的Langmuir吸附等温线(R2>0.90).海河沉积物（8个典型断面）对磷的理论吸附量较大,说明在今后上覆水含磷浓度较高的情况下,沉积物仍能吸附大量的磷污染物.在海河水磷污染较轻的情况下,沉积物中的磷将释放并导致水体发生富营养化.pH对磷的吸附影响呈“U”型,且随着pH增大,磷的解吸量也增大,这是由于OH-交换能力的增强所致;盐度增大,沉积物对磷的吸附总体呈下降趋势,但在10‰~15‰之间有反复,并且随着盐度增大,磷的解吸量也下降.     

盐度对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行性能的影响

考察了厌氧氨氧化反应器处理高盐度、高浓度含氮废水的可行性.结果表明,高盐度显著抑制厌氧氨氧化活性,这种抑制具有可逆性.在30g·L-1(以NaCl计)盐度条件下,未驯化泻泥的厌氧氨氧化活性比对照(无盐水质条件)低67.5%;驯化污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性只比对照低45.1%.由高盐环境转移到低盐环境(无盐水)时,驯化污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性可提高43.1%.通过逐渐提高盐浓度,并调整反应器容积负荷避免基质抑制,可使厌氧氨氧化反应器适应30g·L-1(以NaCl计)盐度,其处理效能与对照期接近.但由于高盐度条件对厌氧氨氧化细菌生长的负面影响,反应器长期运行于高盐度条件下,容易出现功能衰退.     

罗源湾海水中粪大肠菌群的来源及空间分布

2002年1月到2005年12月通过多种方式对罗源湾海水中的FCB(粪大肠菌群)数量、来源及空间分布进行了调查.结果表明:湾内主要水域FCB的数量在<0.02～≥24 /mL之间,入海河流、沿岸居民的生活和农业生产活动以及海上网箱养殖是罗源湾海水中FCB的主要来源,其中湾内主要的入海河流FCB超标严重,入海河流是罗源湾内FCB污染的最主要来源.罗源湾内 FCB空间分布与盐度呈负相关(R2=0.84),空间分布表现为,西高东低、内腹海区高于湾口,近岸海区高于湾中央海区,表层高于底层,网箱养殖区高于非网箱养殖区,松山垦区由于受到河流入海的影响成为罗源湾内污染最严重的海区.