温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

SBR工艺处理高含盐生活污水的研究

针对海水利用产生的高含盐生活污水,试验采SBR工艺分别研究了不同海水比例的污水中低浓度和中浓度有机物的降解和去除规律、污泥沉降性能以及温度对含20%海水的污水中有机物降解速率的影响.试验结果表明,在高盐污水的生物处理系统中,污泥的驯化是关键的一步.海水盐度降低了有机物的降解速率和去除率,但两种浓度污水的出水CODcr浓度均在30～70mg/L之间,远远低于国家污水综合排放二级标准(GB8978-1996).海水盐度使污泥体积指数降低,污泥沉降速度加快.污水处理有机物的适宜温度是20℃左右.     

水盐梯度对闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为了揭示水盐梯度对河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,对闽江河口不同淹水环境和盐度下短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地土壤水稳性团聚体进行了测定与分析.结果表明:①闽江河口半咸水湿地和淡水湿地0～30 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体、微团聚体和大团聚体的含量分别为63.12%～77.49%、6.82%～31.64%、4.38%～22.63%.除20～30 cm土层外,高潮滩0～20 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体和大团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而增加,增幅分别为8.74%～9.85%和105.54%～144.40%;0～20 cm土壤微团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而降低,高潮滩降幅为59.56%～65.20%,低潮滩降幅为55.65%～60.92%.②高潮滩土壤团聚体稳定性随盐度的增加而增加,盐度对微团聚体、大团聚体含量(DR_(0.25))和平均重量直径(MWD)的作用力在不同土层均影响显著,盐度和淹水的交互作用对各级土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响均不显著.③土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤TC含量呈倒"U"型关系.综上,淹水环境变化对土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响较小,盐度和有机碳含量是影响闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的重要限制性参数.     

污水灌区土壤盐分动态研究

以天津东郊污灌区(慢速渗滤系统)为试验点,总结了土壤盐分的变化规律,并以粮地、菜地、稻地为代表分析了土壤中盐分变化动态,用污灌区土壤盐分动态平衡公式C_K-C_h=C_B-C_O测算,结果表明,只要灌区排水条件好,加上合理的科学灌溉,污灌区土壤盐分变化趋势是脱盐占主导地位,土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)有所改善,土壤质量有所提高.     

一种降低太阳池老卤水浊度及叶绿素含量的方法

对新近合成的淀粉改性聚合硫酸铝絮凝剂POA降低太阳池中老卤水浊度的条件进行了优化。在老卤液盐度为402‰、pH为6.4、温度为18℃条件下,投加POA为3%(V/V)、400r/min下搅拌1min、200r/min下搅拌10min、70r/min下搅拌10min、沉降时间为90min时,絮凝剂对老卤液的降浊率可达97.8%,浊度降至1～2NTU。与常规的聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铝絮凝剂相比,POA对老卤水具有更优良的絮凝降浊能力,降浊率分别提高了62.2%和48.3%。POA处理后的老卤液能在太阳池中稳定运行60d,之后池中不同盐层浊度和叶绿素含量均有一定程度的升高,表明有藻类滋生。     

温度和盐度对锥状斯氏藻生长的影响

采用正交试验和单因子试验研究了温度和盐度对锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)生长的影响。结果表明,温度为25℃、盐度为25是锥状斯氏藻的最佳生长条件,此时最大比生长率和种群细胞数达到最高。而过低或过高的温度或盐度均会抑制其生长。     

粉煤灰制取碱式氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究

用粉煤灰制取碱式氯化铝的方法，研究了制取过程中的主要影响因素。     

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Water Quality in a Mediterranean Catchment: The Llobregat River (NE Spain)

The Llobregat and Ter Rivers, typical Mediterranean catchments in Northeast Spain, supply water to more than 4.5 million inhabitants residing in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. The objective of this work is to study the factors that influence the surface water quality of Llobregat catchment. As such, spatial and temporal variations of more 50 water chemical parameters were monitored in 10 sampling sites for a period that extended from July 1996 to December 2000. The temperature, pH and conductivity were measured at sites, whereas metals were analysed using ICP-OES and ICP-MS instrumental techniques. The head waters of the Llobregat River catchment flow through detrital Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks resulting in calcium bicarbonate-type water with low mineral content. The high water quality of the waterhead is deteriorated in the upper-middle part of the catchment due to: occurrence of evaporite-bearing geological formations, and the mining and industrial activities related to potash exploitation. As a result, an obvious increase in Na, K, Mg, Cl-, Br, Rb, and Sr concentrations is reported leading to a sodium (potassium) chloride water type. This saline hydrochemical fingerprint persists downstream. This important feature renders the low water quality of the Llobregat River to be adequate for drinking supply purposes. In addition, the industrial and residential activities, specially at the lower part of the catchment, increases P, B, Mn, Fe, Pb, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Sb water concentrations.     

Integral assessment of estrogenic potentials of sediment-associated samples

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Exogenic endocrine-active substances are also called 'Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals' (EDC). They imitate or hinder the function of natural endogenic hormones or disturb the synthesis or the metabolism of hormones or of hormone receptors. The Enzyme-Linked Receptor Assay (ELRA) can detect estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects at the level of receptor binding and is a useful tool for the integrative detection of contaminant effects. Although the test system has been used repeatedly in sediment assessments, the questions have remained concerning how it responds to variations in the physico-chemical matrix. For some bioassays, the salinity of the sample is a critical factor. This is especially relevant when testing wastewater samples or when sediment-associated samples in the tidal reaches of rivers are tested. Sediments in the tidal reaches of rivers change their salinity several times a day. Against this background, it would be beneficial to have a test procedure of known salinity tolerance. On account of this, the salinity tolerance of the ELRA was tested, assessed with reference substances at several salinity levels, and compared with the E-Screen method and a Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), which are also frequently applied in environmental testing. The aim of this paper was to explore when the salinity limits within these test procedures are applicable. The trials should reveal the working range to be expected, characterize the salinity-dependent variations in sensitivity of the test, and provide options for methodological adjustments to improve the stability against increased salinity. METHODS: The ELRA was carried out with the human Estrogen Receptor alpha. (ER) using the same principle like a competitive immunoassay based on ligand-protein interaction. However, an essential difference is the use of a physiologically relevant receptor instead of an antibody as a linking protein. The ELRA measures the competition of sample estrogens and anti-estrogens against estradiol supplied as a BSA-coating conjugate for the binding site of dissolved ER. Estradiol or xeno-estrogen binding is quantified by a biotynilated anti-ER antibody and the subsequent measurement of peroxidase activity by a streptavidin-POD-biotin complex. The E-Screen was performed with the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, which expresses the estrogen receptor constitutively. Cell proliferation depends on binding of estrogens or xeno-estrogens with the receptor. After incubation, estrogen-dependent cell growth was measured by sulforhodamin B staining. The YES was performed with a recombinant yeast strain, transfected with a receptor and a reporter plasmid bearing the estrogen receptor and a vitellogenin gene fused with the reporter gene lacZ. Estrogen or xeno-estrogen-dependent gene induction was measured indirectly by LacZ activity. The salinity levels were simulated in varying concentrations with NaCl from 0 to 40 per thousand or Artificial Sea Water (ASW) from 0 to 32 per thousand. RESULTS: The study characterized the factor 'salinity' for the prospective application fields of the ELRA. With reference substances such as 17-beta-estradiol, the ELRA showed classical sigmoidal concentration-effect relations in a range from 0.05 to 100 microg/l under physiological conditions. After a methodological adjustment to compensate decreasing receptor-binding affinity of estrogens and xeno-estrogens at higher salinity levels, the ELRA became applicable under salinity conditions up to concentrations of 20.5 per thousand. In tests, the ELRA reached under the influence of salinity a mean limit of detection of 0.062 microg/l 17-beta-estradiol. The mean relative inter-test error was around 11%. Above concentrations of 20.5 per thousand there is a risk of false negative assessment. Compared with the E-Screen method using the MCF7 cell line and the yeast estrogen test system (YES), the ELRA shows a lower sensitivity to 17-beta-estradiol. In the E-Screen, the cell proliferation was strongly reduced by sodium chloride induced cytotoxicity. In comparison with the E-Screen, the salinity tolerance of the YES and YAS methods is significantly higher. DISCUSSION: Despite adaption, total salinity tolerance could not be achieved with the ELRA. Freshwater samples were generally appraisable. Higher salinity levels above 20.5 per thousand would tend towards false negative results. The low inter-test error of 11% makes the ELRA suitable for the detection of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic potentials of single substances, substance mixtures, and of environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS: The ELRA is very fast and reproducible, it can be used for high-throughput screening in a microplate format at low cost, it is robust to microbial contamination, and is less susceptible to cytotoxic interferences than cell culture methods. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In their established form, the YES and the E-Screen methods are not applicable for liquid phase testing at higher salinity conditions. The salinity-adapted test version of the ELRA described here shows a broader working range for samples. Native water samples of more or less brackish origin or high-salinity effluent samples are testable. Results of tests with sediment associated samples of different salinity will be subject of a forthcoming publication.     

SALINITY INCREASES IN THE NAVAJO AQUIFER IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH1

ABSTRACT: Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Nava-jo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the lsmay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.