Modeled Sources,Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States1

Anning, David W., 2011. Modeled Sources, Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1087‐1109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00579.x Abstract: Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area‐normalized reach‐catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km² for catchments with little or no natural or human‐related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km² for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved‐solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved‐solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil‐pore or sediment‐pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km² for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila‐Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Salton Sea accounting unit.     

自然条件下盐城海滨湿地土壤水分/盐度空间分异及其与植被关系研究

以盐城国家级自然保护区核心区为案例,根据2011年4～5月对海滨湿地土壤采样分析结果,结合2011年ETM+遥感影像,运用典范对应分析(CCA)、线性回归模拟和地统计学方法,探索自然条件下盐城海滨湿地土壤水分和盐度的空间分异特征及其与植被类型的关系.结果表明:①土壤水分平均值在36.820%～46.333%之间;土壤盐度平均值在0.347%～1.328%之间,具体表现为米草滩>光滩>碱蓬滩>芦苇滩.②土壤水分和盐度的空间变异具有一致性,东西海陆方向上的变异大于南北海岸延伸方向上的变异.土壤水分和盐度最高值出现在西南部米草滩;最低值出现在芦苇滩内.将土壤水分和盐度从低到高分成Ⅰ到Ⅴ级,其中Ⅳ级比重最高,分别占36.156%和28.531%.③不同植被类型的土壤水分和盐度的组合呈现高盐度高水分到低盐度低水分的"双高到双低"组合特征.具体表现为:芦苇滩土壤水分<40.116%,盐度<0.676%;碱蓬滩土壤水分为38.162%～46.403%,盐度为0.471%～1.295%;米草滩土壤水分>43.214%,盐度>1.090%;光滩的土壤水分>43.214%,盐度>0.677%.     

Irrigation Efficiency and Quality of Irrigation Return Flows in the Ebro River Basin: An Overview

The review analysis of twenty two irrigation efficiency (IE) studies carried out in the Ebro River Basin shows that IE is low (average IE)_avg(= 53%) in surface-irrigated areas with high-permeable and shallow soils inadequate for this irrigation system, high (IE)_avg(= 79%) in surface-irrigated areas with appropriate soils for this system, and very high (IE)_avg(= 94%) in modern, automated and well managed sprinkler-irrigated areas. The unitary salt (total dissolved solids) and nitrate loads exported in the irrigation return flows (IRF) of seven districts vary, depending on soil salinity and on irrigation and N fertilization management, between 3–16 Mg salt/ha⋅ year and 23–195 kg NO)₃ ⁻-N/ha⋅ year, respectively. The lower nitrate loads exported from high IE districts show that a proper irrigation design and management is a key factor to reduce off-site nitrogen pollution. Although high IE’s also reduce off-site salt pollution, the presence of salts in the soil or subsoil may induce relatively high salt loads (≥14 Mg/ha⋅ year) even in high IE districts. Two important constrains identified in our revision were the short duration of most surveys and the lack of standards for conducting irrigation efficiency and mass balance studies at the irrigation district level. These limitations {emphasize the need for the establishment of a permanent and standardized network of drainage monitoring stations for the appropriate off-site pollution diagnosis and control of irrigated agriculture.     

Assessment of spatial variability in some soil properties as related to soil salinity and alkalinity in Bafra plain in northern Turkey

The objectives of this study were to assess the variability in soil properties affecting salinity and alkalinity, and to analyze spatial distribution patterns of salinity (EC) and alkalinity (ESP) in the plain, which was used irrigation agriculture with low quality waters. Soil samples were collected from 0–30cm, 30–60cm, 60–90cm and 90–120cm soil depths at 60 sampling sites. Soil pH had the minimum variability, and hydraulic conductivity (Ks) had the maximum variability at all depths. The mean values of pH, EC, ESP and Ks increased while the mean values of CEC decreased with soil depth. Values pH, EC and ESP were generally high in the east and northeastern sides. Soil properties indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. ESP and pH were moderately spatially dependent for three of the four depths, EC exhibited moderate spatial dependence for one of the four depths, CEC had a moderate spatial dependence at all depths, and Ks exhibited a strong spatial dependence. EC, CEC, and ESP were considerably variable in small distances. The spatial variability in small distances of EC, CEC, pH and ESP generally increased with depth. All geostatistical range values were greater than 1230m. It was inferred that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would be resulted in extrinsic factors such as ground water level, drainage, irrigation systems and microtopography.     

闽江河口潮汐沼泽湿地天然低盐度梯度土壤胞外酶活性特征

为了揭示河口潮汐沼泽湿地天然低盐度梯度下土壤胞外酶活性的时空变化差异,对闽江河口淡水潮汐沼泽湿地和半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)植被下不同季节的土壤胞外酶活性、土壤容重和含水率、植物生物量、以及有机碳特征值(SOC、POXC、DOC和C∶N比)进行测定与分析.研究结果表明在闽江河口天然盐度梯度上,当土壤盐度从0‰增加至4.2‰,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物酶(PEO)活性均显著增加,增幅分别为201%、305%、493%和252%.沿着闽江河口天然盐度梯度,土壤容重和含水率以及孔隙水DOC浓度没有显著变化,但土壤易氧化有机碳(POXC)含量、有机碳(SOC)含量和土壤C∶N比逐渐减少.半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地站点短叶茳芏的地上生物量低于淡水潮汐沼泽湿地站点,但地下生物量则显著高于淡水潮汐沼泽湿地站点.4种土壤胞外酶活性均与土壤C∶N比呈现显著的负相关,酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物酶(PEO)与土壤SOC含量呈负相关.土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)活性最高值出现在春季,而纤维素水解酶(CBH)活性最高值出现在夏季.以上研究结果表明,土壤盐度是影响闽江河口潮汐沼泽湿地生态系统土壤胞外酶活性和碳库演变的重要环境因子.从河口淡水潮汐沼泽湿地至低盐的半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地,沼泽植物地下生物量增加,与碳分解相关的土壤胞外酶活性增加,并抑制土壤的有机碳积累.     

高盐度复杂染料废水脱色菌群的降解特性

从天津市市政污泥中筛选出复杂染料脱色菌群,其经16SrDNA基因序列鉴定,主要由Dokdonella（12.26%）、Dyella（10.19%）、Saccharibacteria genera（7.07%）、Rhodobacter（5.80%）、Pseudodoxanthomonas（3.61%）、Flavihumibacter（3.02%）组成.将其用于高盐度复杂染料废水的降解脱色,并研究共代谢基质和各种理化参数对染料废水脱色的影响.结果表明,最佳共代谢基质为葡萄糖和硫酸铵;最佳脱色条件：温度为35℃、pH值为9.0、菌群接种浓度为1.2g/L;在高盐度条件下（50g/L）,菌群能高效脱色复杂染料废水,72h脱色率达到（87.0±2.4）%.经高效液相色谱仪（HP-LC）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）及气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析,甲基橙首先被迅速降解,分散蓝次之,酸性品红的降解较慢;复杂染料的发色基团（-N=N-,-NH_2,-SO₃）和苯环结构被破坏;其降解产物为苯胺、乙酰胺及2-氨基-5-甲基苯甲酸等.     

Long‐Term Trends of Specific Conductance in Waters Discharged by Coal‐Mine Valley Fills in Central Appalachia,USA

Anthropogenic salinization of freshwaters is a global concern. Coal surface mining causes release of dissolved sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and other ions to surface waters in central Appalachia, USA, through practices that include mine rock disposal in valley fills (VFs). This region's surface waters naturally have low salinity, with specific conductance (SC, a salinity indicator) generally <200 μS/cm, and aquatic impacts have been found when SC exceeds the 300 to 500 μS/cm range. We analyzed SC in waters emerging from 137 VFs over periods of 1 to 23 years. Mean SCs for these VFs ranged from 227 to 2,866 μS/cm, generally rose during and immediately following construction, but often declined during latter portions of longer monitoring records. Seventy‐four of 103 VFs with postconstruction data had SC trends that fit negative quadratic forms. Of the 16 revegetated VFs with at least five years of SC data past the quadratic maximum, the mean quadratic maximum was 1,464 (±696) μS/cm and the model projected time required to approach natural conditions (by declining to <500 μS/cm) was 19.6 (±6.6) years after VF construction initiation, indicating long‐lasting but not permanent aquatic impacts due to elevated (>500 μS/cm) SC.     

Economics of salt‐induced land degradation and restoration

Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management.     

模拟盐水入侵对河口湿地土壤碳矿化潜力的影响研究

河口湿地在全球陆地生态系统碳循环中具有重要作用,为了揭示盐水入侵对河口湿地土壤碳矿化潜力的影响,以闽江河口淡水湿地为研究对象,采用室内泥浆厌氧培养与气相色谱法相结合的方法,通过设置高频率盐度梯度的盐水入侵情景模式,对不同处理下的土壤碳矿化潜力（以CO₂产生潜力表征）及其环境调节因子进行连续3周的测定与分析.研究结果表明：①不同盐度处理下土壤pH值均低于对照处理（0）,氨态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量均高于对照处理,且随盐度增加而增加,可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量在盐度25‰、30‰处理下高于对照处理,SO₄^2-含量在盐度20‰、25‰、30‰处理下高于对照处理;②随着时间的变化,厌氧培养第1周CO₂产生潜力显著高于第2周和第3周（p＜0.05）,不同盐度处理CO₂产生潜力差异较大,表现为低盐度（0.5‰~10‰）促进和高盐度（15‰~30‰）抑制作用,盐度10‰~15‰可能是影响土壤碳矿化转变的重要转折点;③不同盐度处理下CO₂产生潜力与土壤pH值呈显著正相关,与土壤电导率（EC）、NH₄⁺-N、Cl^-、SO₄^2-和DOC呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）. 盐度是影响河口湿地土壤碳矿化的的重要因素,低盐度的盐水入侵促进河口湿地土壤碳矿化,高盐度的盐水入侵抑制土壤碳矿化.     

典型河口主要氮转化过程对盐度响应机制的室内外实验研究

受全球盐水入侵加剧影响,河口区域水环境安全面临巨大的威胁.通过室内水槽控制实验和室外原位微生物培育实验,分别研究盐度作用的不同时间尺度下,不同形态氮（NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O）转化及转化过程硝化、反硝化和硝酸异化还原氨（DNRA）功能基因的响应机制.结果表明：①室内实验的NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O浓度与盐度呈正相关,NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升而降低;室外原位实验的涨潮期,去菌处理组的NH₄⁺和NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升反而下降,溶解性N₂O浓度则随盐度上升呈上升趋势;未去菌处理组和原位对照组的NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和溶解性N₂O浓度均与 盐度呈负相关.②室内外实验表明,盐度在21.6以下时,硝化反应、反硝化反应和DNRA反应均得到增强,高盐度条件下（盐度为34.0）硝化反应抑制作用明显.盐度长期作用下主导功能基因为nxrA、nirK、nirS和nrfA,而短期的主导功能基因为amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nrfA.本研究通过对水体不同组分氮浓度-功能基因对盐度不同作用时间尺度的响应研究,为河口区域盐水入侵和氮源汇转化机制研究提供技术支撑.