Electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of sodium alginate and its application in water purification

Chromium (Cr) is used in many manufacturing processes, and its release into natural waters is a major environmental problem today. Low concentrations of Cr(VI) are toxic to human health and living organisms due to the carcinogenic and mutagenic nature of this mineral. This work examined the conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) via electrochemical reduction using gold electrode in an acidic sodium alginate (SA) solution and subsequent removal of the produced Cr(III)-SA by the polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique. A solution of SA in nitric acid was used both as an electrolytic medium during the voltammetric measurements and bulk electrolysis and as an extracting agent during the PEUF technique. The electroanalysis of Cr(VI) was performed by linear sweep voltammetry in the presence of acidic SA solution to study its voltammetric behavior as a function of the Cr(VI) concentration, pH, presence of Cr(III), SA concentration and scan rate. In addition, the quantitative reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was studied through the bulk electrolysis technique.The results showed efficient reduction with well-defined peaks at approximately 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, using a gold working electrode. As the pH increased, the reduction signal strongly decreased until its disappearance. The optimum SA concentration was 10 mmol/L, and it was observed that the presence of Cr(III) did not interfere in the Cr(VI) electroanalysis. Through the quantitative reduction by bulk electrolysis in the presence of acidic SA solution, it was possible to reduce all Cr(VI) to Cr(III) followed by its removal via PEUF.     

纳米塑料聚苯乙烯对水中铅离子的吸附行为研究

纳米塑料作为一种新兴污染物在水中可长久稳定存在,其表面吸附的重金属对水环境产生了潜在危害.本文研究了纳米塑料聚苯乙烯微球在吸附时间、溶液pH、氯化钠溶液、锰离子、温度等不同实验条件下对铅离子的吸附行为.结果表明,粒径为400 nm的单分散聚苯乙烯微球可快速吸附铅离子,吸附平衡时间约为30 min,吸附率达到53.30%.聚苯乙烯微球对铅离子的吸附动力学符合伪一级动力学,吸附等温线遵循Freundlich模型,吸附过程主要为非线性吸附.随着溶液pH的增加,铅离子平衡吸附量增加,静电作用是影响铅离子在聚苯乙烯微球上吸附的关键因素.增加溶液盐浓度,微塑料发生聚集,比表面积减小,吸附位点减少,铅离子的吸附量显著降低,在3.5%氯化钠溶液中,纳米塑料对铅离子的吸附率仅为7.5%.与重金属锰离子共存,可促进聚苯乙烯微球对铅离子的吸附.升高温度,纳米塑料对铅离子的平衡吸附量增加.     

基于粗糙集理想解高陡边坡稳定性模糊评价*

为评价山区公路沿线高陡边坡稳定性,保障道路行车安全,基于代数表示的粗糙集理论和条件信息熵表示的粗糙集理论,结合理想解的思想重新定义各属性重要度的确定方式,提出新的适用于山区高陡边坡的权重确定方法,并建立高陡边坡稳定性评价体系,基于模糊理论以某高速公路高陡边坡工程为研究背景,建立山区高陡边坡模糊稳定性评价模型,对边坡稳定性进行评价。研究结果表明:隶属度最大值为0.397,对应边坡稳定状态为“极不稳定”,与实际情况基本一致,验证该权重方法客观、准确,为更好评判山区公路沿线高陡边坡稳定性提出新的方法。     

面向设计的地铁车站防火安全韧性评价*

为提升地铁车站防火安全韧性,以设计方案为切入视角,基于防火安全韧性的吸收、抵抗、恢复和适应能力4个维度,构建基于ANP-熵权法面向设计的地铁防火安全韧性评价指标体系,运用逼近理想解法建立地铁车站防火安全韧性设计评价模型,通过3个已建地铁车站（青岛、沈阳、福州某地铁车站）的设计案例验证该模型的有效性和可行性。研究结果表明:3个应用案例中,沈阳某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最高,福州某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最低,需进一步提升防火安全能力。评价结果与各案例的实际运行阶段基本吻合,研究思路和结果对改善地铁车站的防火安全设计具有一定参考意义。     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

固溶处理对Al-Zn-In-Si-Sn阳极电化学性能的影响分析

研究了固溶处理对Al-Zn-In-Si-Sn阳极性能的影响。首先对Al-Zn-In-Si-Sn合阳极试样进行了固溶处理,进而测定了经固溶处理和未经固溶处理两种阳极在15℃和60℃人造海水中的电化学性能。结果表明,固溶处理对常温下铝阳极的电化学性能影响不大．但可改善高温下的阳极性能,固溶处理能有效提高阳极的电流效率．消除晶间腐蚀。还讨论了Sn元素在铝合金阳极中的作用。     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

锅炉房存在的问题及改进措施

为确保锅炉安全运行 ,对改建的锅炉房存在的问题提出改进措施     

污水土地处理水旱轮作条件下磷素在土层中迁移特征的模拟实验

为了解污水土地处理过程中不同土壤类型土壤溶液 P含量和迁移特征 ,在一种特殊的大型人工模拟土层和地下水实验装置中进行试验 .研究结果表明 :水田条件下 1.5m～ 0.5m土壤溶液 P含量极低 (≤ 0.02 mg/L ) ,但在旱地条件下 ,P含量上升至 0.045mg/L～ 0.628mg/L,P素随入渗污水向下迁移距离可达 1.1 m.在低水力负荷率和较长停留时间的运行条件下 ,1.3m以下土壤溶液和地下水的 P含量处于安全水平 .     

土壤酸化及天然土壤溶液中铝的形态

采用真空式土壤溶液采样器收集了宜昌、巫山松树林中天然土壤溶液,采用高效液相色谱法Al－Lumogallion柱后荧光检测,分析测试了土壤溶液中可溶性铝的形态,研究了由于土壤酸化引起天然土壤溶液中不同形态铝的迁移转化结果表明,天然土壤溶液中含有不同形态的铝,主要是有机铝、 AISO₄⁺、AIF₂⁺、Al（OH）²⁺、Al³⁺等．宜昌、巫山地区土壤溶液中活性铝（Al³⁺、AlOH^2+F）的含量比较低．土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中总铝含量增加、铝形态的优势态发生变化,即土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中活性铝－Al³⁺、AlOHF²⁺含量和比例增加．土壤酸化还降低了大然土壤溶液中的BC/Al比值,这些变化的结果都增加了对森林潜在的危害．