Pretreatment of heterocyclic pesticide wastewater using ultrasonic/ozone combined process

Ultrasonic/O3 combined process was employed to pretreat heterocyclic pesticide wastewater for increasing biodegradability and reducing biological toxicity. Influences of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power, probe diameter, initial pH and O3 dosage on the COD removal were studied. The results showed that the ultrasonic/O3 process significantly improved the biodegradability and reduced the biological toxicity of the wastewater. The ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.03 to 0.55 and the EC50 increased from 11% to 52% under ultrasonic/O3 treatment. Low ultrasonic frequency brought better COD removal. Initial pH was found to have a high influence on the COD removal and alkaline conditions were more favorable. The influences of ultrasonic power and probe diameter were small. With an increase in O3 dosage, COD removal was e ectively improved. The optimal operational parameters for the combined process on COD removal were ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz, initial pH 9.00, ultrasonic power 300Wand dosage of O3 454.8 mg/(L min), under which the e ciency of COD removal reached 67.2%.     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

土壤中矿物油含量测定方法的研究

重点介绍了以四氯化碳为萃取剂,利用超声波清洗仪萃取土壤中的油类物质,红外分光光度法测定土壤中的矿物油含量的方法。实验表明此方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0．9999。方法检出限为0．50mg／kg。平行样品间分析、试剂空白加标与基体加标回收率均能满足样品分析对精密度和准确度的要求。     

汽车发动机超声清洗废水处理实验研究

汽车发动机超声清洗废水中含有有机油、表面活性剂等物质,呈黑色,COD较高,较难处理。本实验采用化学絮凝法对其进行处理,取得了良好的效果。实验结果表明,在pH 7.2~8.2范围内,向样品中投入PAC400 mg/L,PAM50 mg/L,氯化钙200 mg/L时,处理效果明显,COD去除率达到96.7%。     

管道泄漏检测技术进展

介绍国内、国际上有关管道泄漏检测的新技术、新设备及其应用情况，对管道泄漏检测技术的系统组成、技术要求及性能指标等方面分别作了阐述，比较了各种方法的优缺点，并指出管道泄漏无损检测的进展方向，以期在全面了解现有技术的基础上，设计出更加符合实际要求的装置，保证人们的生命财产安全和营造更加安全的生存环境。     

超声辅助电催化氧化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

为探讨水体中苯酚的超声辅助电催化氧化降解,考察了超声的频率和声强、溶液的pH值、温度、支持电解质的浓度,电流密度以及苯酚的浓度等因素的影响。在超声声强分别为21.1W/cm2和27.1W/cm2下电催化氧化降解40min,COD去除率分别为59.3%和64.4%,明显高于无超声作用下41.6%的COD去除率;在中性和弱碱性介质中(pH0值在7￣11之间)苯酚的降解效果较好,pH0=10时,苯酚降解的准一级反应速率常数最大;体系的初始pH值超过11,苯酚的降解速率下降很快,这主要是因为体系的碱性太强导致许多副反应的发生,降低了电流效率,反而不利于污染物的氧化降解;溶液中的支持电解质Na2SO4的浓度(CNa2SO4)为10g/L时,苯酚降解的准一级反应速率常数和电催化氧化降解反应时的槽电压均达到最优;在电催化氧化降解过程中,随着电流密度的增加,污染物的氧化降解速率和效率也随之增大。综合考虑降解效率和电流效率两方面因素,电流密度在10￣30mA/cm2范围内较为适宜。     

响应面法优化超声吹脱处理香兰素生产废水中的氨氮工艺研究

为了提高废水中氨氮处理效率,采用响应面分析法对超声吹脱处理香兰素生产废水中的氨氮工艺条件进行优化,建立了吹脱时间、pH值、超声波功率及气液比4个关键因素与氨氮去除率之间的回归模型。结果表明,各影响因素对氨氮去除率影响程度由大到小依次为超声波功率、气液比、pH值、吹脱时间。确定对氨氮去除的最佳工艺条件为在超声功率90 W,超声吹脱时间90 min,pH值12、气液比600∶1的条件下,氨氮的去除率达到91.60%,与预测值接近,表明拟合度好。试验模型可以用来指导超声吹脱法处理废水中的氨氮。     

低温热水解和超声联合破解污泥优化工艺的参数研究

针对国内低温热水解和超声联合技术应用于低有机质剩余污泥厌氧消化预处理领域的实验研究和工艺参数缺陷问题,探讨了低于100℃的低温热水解和超声波技术联合破解剩余污泥的技术可行性及工艺参数的优化.以热水解温度和超声能量为控制参数,以污泥破解度、溶解性蛋白质和多糖浓度为分析指标,通过Box-Behnken设计实验,并根据响应曲面法(RSM)构建了污泥破解的二次多项式预测模型,进而得到各影响因素作用下的最佳破解工艺参数.结果表明,温度对污泥破解的影响较超声能量明显.低温热水解和超声联合作用下,最佳工艺组合为温度80℃和超声能量12000kJ/kgTS,该工艺下的污泥破解结果为污泥破解度39.01%,溶解性蛋白质1360.59mg/L和多糖334.52mg/L,该结果与预测值吻合度较高,表明响应曲面模型所得参数较为可靠,能够为实际应用和推广提供参考.     

Bi_2MoO_6可见光催化去除4BS染料实验研究

以Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O和(NH_4)_6M_o7O_(24)·4H_20为原料,采用预超声-水热法合成可见光催化剂Bi_2MoO_6,考察了在可见光催化条件下,催化剂的用量、污染物初始浓度、溶液pH值等因素对偶氮染料直接耐酸大红4BS去除效果的影响.结果表明,4Bs溶液初始浓度为20mg·l~(-1)、原始pH值6.90条件下,催化剂的最佳投加量为2g·l~(-1),光照60min后,4BS去除率达到92.7%;在实验浓度20-100mg·l~(-1)的范围内,催化剂投加量为2.0g·l~(-1),光照210min后染料去除量最大可达到约50mg·l~(-1),溶液在弱酸或弱碱性条件下脱色较为稳定,在强酸或强碱性条件下脱色较快,效果明显;催化剂重复使用前后结构和成分稳定,但光催化活性有所下降.     

超声灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫研究

为研究超声对饮用水中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)的灭活情况,考察了超声频率、功率、pH值和温度对灭活率的影响,通过形态学观察初步探讨了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制,并进行了灭活动力学分析.结果表明,低频有利于隐孢子虫灭活,19.8kHz, pH7.2,温度(20±1)℃条件下超声15min灭活率可达92.5%,频率升高灭活率反而下降.在本实验条件下,超声功率103W对隐孢子虫的灭活效果与151W的相近,pH值对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响不大,36℃超声灭活15min灭活率为95.6%,而在9℃下超声15min灭活率为88.3%,水温升高有利于灭活.灭活前后的形态学变化表明超声空化作用导致细胞膜破坏,细胞质流出从而起到灭活孢囊的效果.超声灭活隐孢子虫遵循假一级反应动力学,灭活隐孢子虫以低频率高功率的效果最好,可认为隐孢子虫的灭活以超声空化的强度为主.