堆肥厂运行管理的模糊数学评价

文章采用模糊数学评价法评价堆肥厂的运行管理状况,既克服了单、少指标评价的片面性,反映了堆肥厂运行状况评价的多因素、多变量和多层次的特点,又体现了堆肥厂运行状况评价的模糊性。     

污泥堆肥农用效应研究

污泥是污水处理厂剩余物,随着社会的发展,污泥处置将成为一个潜在问题。污泥因其含有大量有机质和氮磷钾等营养成分,是非常值得利用的肥源。以西南科技大学污水处理厂污泥为研究对象。开展了污泥堆肥应用效应的研究。采用大田分区试验的方法,研究了西南科技大学污水厂污泥堆肥土地利用中作物的生长状况。结果表明：污泥堆肥用于作物种植,具有非常好的肥效,不仅能提高作物产量。并且在品质各方面均高于对照,使几种作物表现出高于空白对照的生长状况：不同处理施肥量下,作物生长状况为污泥堆肥＋化肥〉污泥堆肥〉化肥〉空白对照。因此,污泥堆肥供肥潜力大,是一种值得合理利用的肥源。     

运用神经网络分析电流测定堆肥系统中的对苯二酚

针对生物传感器检测堆肥系统中对苯二酚时存在的检测范围较小和检测精度不高等问题,在分析漆酶生物传感器检测电流信号的基础上,以传感器响应电流为输入变量,以对苯二酚浓度为输出变量,建立了神经网络(ANN)模型,对网络进行了优化,确定了最佳的网络参数(最佳隐含层神经元数为7,最佳输入层神经元数为5,最优的传递函数组合为Tansig-Logsig,最优的算法为Levenberg-Marquardt算法),并将模型预测性能同非线性回归(NR)模型进行了比较.NR的RMSE(均方根误差)为14.441 9 ìmol/L,预测值与实测浓度之间的相关系数为0.994 4;与之相比,ANN的RMSE达到4.444 2ìmol/L,预测值与实测浓度的相关系数为0.9996,预测性能明显优于NR.对苯二酚的检测范围达到0.015～450ìmol/L,在现有水平上进一步扩大了检测范围同时提高了检测精度.     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

Effects of 5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil

It is obvious that the application of solid waste compost improves the soil fertility. These wastes, however, may also have some negative effects on the agricultural environment due to their metal content. This research aimed at evaluating the influence of Tunisian municipal solid waste compost and farmyard manure on some chemical properties and the distribution of heavy metals in a calcareous Tunisian soil (clayey–loamy soil). A field plot experiment, without vegetation, was installed since 1999 at the experimental farm of the Agronomic National Institute of Tunis (INAT) in the region of Mornag (20 km south of Tunis, Tunisia). During 5 years, the field received yearly the following treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost and 0, 40 and 120 t/ha of manure. The fractionation of heavy metals in the soil was evaluated after 5 years using a sequential extraction procedure. The application of the two amendments was found to increase the content of organic matter, the total nitrogen content and the electrical conductivity, whereas it slightly decreased the soil pH. The addition of manure did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, whereas compost application increased the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The distribution of heavy metals between the different fractions in untreated and treated soils showed the residual fraction to be dominant, followed by the fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides. The amount of Cu bound to the organic fraction increased with the application rate, which is probably caused by the formation of organic complexes. For the other metals, the increase of the association with organic matter is very limited. The application of compost moreover increases the amount of Zn associated with Fe and Mn oxides. The “Mobility Factor (MF)” was quite low and did not change after the 5-year application of the two organic amendments. It always remained lower than 10%, although for Cd it amounted to 17%.     

赤子爱胜蚓处理鲜牛粪的适宜条件研究

文章以鲜牛粪为饵料,通过培养试验研究不同乙酸添加量、湿度、温度、接种密度和添加EM菌对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)生长繁殖的影响,从而为蚯蚓处理畜禽粪便筛选最适宜的生长条件。结果表明:蚯蚓生长最适宜的条件为,每90g(干重)饵料接种8条蚯蚓,加1mL10%的乙酸溶液,含水率控制在65%～70%;温度控制在20～25℃,并接种EM菌促进蚯蚓的生长繁殖。     

添加外源微生物对城市生活垃圾堆肥腐熟的影响

文章探究高效、低成本的圾堆肥技术,为城市生活垃圾的无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学依据。以生活垃圾为原料,采用7 d翻堆一次的方式,进行为期45 d的堆肥试验。试验设常规和添加5%发酵剂堆肥处理,研究添加外源菌剂对城市生活垃圾堆肥过程中物理和化学特性变化的影响及对堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果显示添加5%菌剂的堆肥处理在堆肥24 h后温度达到53℃,堆肥过程中最高温度达到65℃,温度保持50℃以上达24 d;使堆肥C/N迅速下降,并在35 d后,该值稳定在12.2左右;铵态氮与硝态氮比值开始迅速上升,而后逐渐下降,最终比值稳定在1.2,油菜种子的发芽指数达到85%以上。说明添加5%外源微生物菌剂能加速城市垃圾堆肥腐熟进程。     

Fate of tetracyclines in swine manure of three selected swine farms in China

Veterinary antibiotics can enter the environment due to the common practice of land application of manure from treated animals. The environmental fate of tetracyclines in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. This study analyzed the concentrations of tetracyclines in manure, manure-based compost and compost amended soil in selected swine farms from Beijing, Jiaxing and Putian, China to determine the dilution effects of antibiotics when released into the soil environment. The results demonstrate that residues of antibiotics were detected in all samples and chlortetracycline as well as its degradation products should be regarded critically concerning their potential ecotoxicity. Application of manure-based compost to soil could reduce the possible risk posed by antibiotic contamination, but the trigger value of 100 μupg/kg was still exceeded in soil samples (776.1 μupg/kg dw) from Putian City after application of compost. Field studies such as the present one can help to improve the routine administration of antibiotic-containing composted manure.     

降雨对农家堆肥氮磷流失的影响及其面源污染风险分析

采用原位研究方法,经过历时120 d的农家堆肥试验,对比分析了秸秆、棚膜、土层、裸露等4种覆盖堆肥方式中,降雨对总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶性磷径流流失的影响及其面源污染风险.结果表明,各种覆盖方式的堆肥随着堆肥的腐熟和径流的增加,氮素、磷素的径流流失浓度逐渐降低,其中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮浓度随时间的变化符合一级动力学方程,而总磷、可溶性磷符合直线方程.从各处理趋势来看,各种氮磷养分径流流失浓度与流失强度表现为无覆盖>秸秆覆盖>土层覆盖>棚膜覆盖.棚膜覆盖堆肥对面源污染的风险较小,可以作为改善农村环境卫生、控制氮磷流失的堆肥方法.     

香蕉茎秆、桉树皮和猪粪不同配比堆肥研究

通过固定猪粪添加量,依次增加桉树皮添加量,减少香蕉茎秆添加量,研究了桉树皮、香蕉茎秆和猪粪不同配比,不同C/N比值等对堆肥温度、pH值、微生物数量以及种子发芽率等堆肥发酵指标的影响,并用腐熟的有机肥进行香蕉幼苗盆栽试验。结果表明,堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的处理堆肥温度较高,均达到56℃以上,持续高温时间分别为10和11 d,堆肥中各养分含量相对较高,达到NY 525—2012《有机肥料》标准。盆栽试验也表明,利用堆肥材料C/N比值为25.24和27.01的堆肥配制的有机肥对盆栽香蕉幼苗有一定的促生效果。