城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程技术发展探讨

文章分析了我国城市生活垃圾堆肥陷入滞销困境多年的原因，指出摆脱这一困境的技术途径是要大幅度提高堆肥品质。而要实现这一目标，首先必须引进先进的堆肥翻堆技术，缩短腐熟时间，提高腐熟度；其次是应用气流密度分选系统对粗堆肥进行精分选。     

Heavy Metal Availability in Soil Amended with Composted Urban Solid Wastes

A study was performed to evaluate the pH and the availability of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Ni in soil amended with increasing doses of composted solid wastes, collected in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State and in Coimbra, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The influence of the time elapsed between compost application to the soil and the sampling of the plant growth substrate (soil + compost) for pH and metal availability analyses was also examined. The availability of heavy metals in the soil, in the compost and in the substrate was evaluated using DTPA solution for metal extraction. The increase of the compost doses added to the soil resulted in the increase of the pH in the substrate. The addition of the compost from the bigger city, Rio de Janeiro, resulted in higher increase in soil pH and available Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni levels as compared to the addition of the compost from the smaller city, Coimbra. Increasing the time elapsed between the compost application to the soil and the sampling of the mixture resulted in higher available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb levels. The addition of the compost from Rio de Janeiro resulted in substrate metal concentrations in the order Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn and for the Coimbra compost the metal concentrations in the substrate was Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Mn. The higher values of pH and available metals obtained for the bigger city were attributed to the greatest metal contamination of its compost.     

Biodegradation of Whey Protein-Based Edible Films

The biodegradability of the edible films made of whey proteins by disulfide cross-linking was investigated. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) films were subjected to microbial degradation using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and composting burial degradation. Results from the microbial degradation showed that whey protein films could support the growth of P. aeruginosa. The bacterial growth characteristics were well described using the Gompertz model. WPC films degraded faster than WPI films, suggesting that the biodegradability of protein films is associated with the film composition and the extent of covalent cross-linking. WPI films buried in a compost pile began to degrade in two days and became darker over time. More than 80% of total solids were lost in 7 days.     

堆肥修复土壤金属污染研究进展

堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的产物,利用堆肥修复土壤的金属污染有着重大意义.堆肥可通过直接与金属产生氧化还原作用、沉淀作用、吸附作用或间接改变土壤理化性质如酸碱度,氧化还原电位等降低土壤金属的生物有效性和移动性,但具体修复效果因土壤、金属、堆肥三者性质的不同而差异甚大.本文对国内外利用堆肥修复土壤金属污染的研究进展进行了综述,指出了理论研究和实际修复中存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Coffee husk composting: An investigation of the process using molecular and non-molecular tools

Various parameters were measured during a 90-day composting process of coffee husk with cow dung (Pile 1), with fruit/vegetable wastes (Pile 2) and coffee husk alone (Pile 3). Samples were collected on days 0, 32 and 90 for chemical and microbiological analyses. C/N ratios of Piles 1 and 2 decreased significantly over the 90 days. The highest bacterial counts at the start of the process and highest actinobacterial counts at the end of the process (Piles 1 and 2) indicated microbial succession with concomitant production of compost relevant enzymes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of rDNA and COMPOCHIP microarray analysis indicated distinctive community shifts during the composting process, with day 0 samples clustering separately from the 32 and 90-day samples. This study, using a multi-parameter approach, has revealed differences in quality and species diversity of the three composts.     

猪粪稻秸超高温预处理促进后续堆肥腐殖化条件优化

以猪粪稻秸为原料,设计超高温预处理温度（75,85,95℃）、时间（2,4,8h）和通风量（0.3,0.6,0.9L/kgTS·h）的三因素三水平正交试验,研究不同超高温预处理条件对猪粪稻秸理化特性及后续模拟堆肥腐殖质生成的影响,结果表明,温度、时间和通气量对猪粪稻秸后续高温堆肥腐殖化系数影响各不相同,各因素对后续好氧发酵累腐殖化系数的影响大小顺序为大小顺序为预处理时间 > 温度 > 通气量;最佳超高温预处理条件为：预处理温度为95℃,停留时间为4h,通气量为0.6L/（kgTS·h）,与CK相比,最佳预处理参数下猪粪稻秸后续高温发酵60d腐殖化系数提高119%,腐殖质、胡敏酸含量分别增加105%、116%,而富里酸含量降低17.2%,结合预处理前后物料理化特性变化规律分析,表明超高温预处理促进了大分子有机物降解为可溶性有机碳,促进了木质纤维素组分降解溶出,促使其更多转化为多酚,同时增加了腐殖质前体还原糖、氨基酸的含量,从而有利于腐殖质的生成.     

施用污泥堆肥品对土壤和植物总汞及甲基汞的影响

采用田间试验,分别施加两种不同的污泥堆肥品(含生物质炭和不含生物质炭),研究污泥堆肥土地利用过程土壤及植物总汞和甲基汞变化情况、迁移转化特征和植物富集能力.结果表明,施加污泥堆肥品会引起土壤总汞和甲基汞含量升高,但总汞含量低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准.生物质炭堆肥品可能促进土壤汞的甲基化,但不同处理土壤甲基汞/总汞(Me Hg/THg)比值较低.植物成熟后不同处理植物总汞含量明显低于幼苗期,而甲基汞含量均高于幼苗期.施加两种堆肥品对植物富集总汞没有明显差异,但对甲基汞富集影响显著.施加生物质炭堆肥品的土壤甲基汞含量明显高于施加无生物质炭堆肥品的土壤,而植物甲基汞含量则相反.生物质炭的加入可能有利于土壤甲基汞形成,但不利于甲基汞的迁移,抑制植物对土壤甲基汞的富集.植物对甲基汞的富集能力较强(富集系数为1.24~14.63),需关注长期施肥带来的土壤环境汞生态风险.     

膜覆盖条垛堆肥技术与应用案例

膜覆盖技术是一种改良的静态条垛堆肥技术,主工艺过程与传统高温好氧发酵工艺过程类似。介绍了膜覆盖堆肥系统的核心技术——功能性覆盖膜、曝气系统、卷膜设备;通过对膜覆盖系统的优势和不足的分析,得到该技术的适用范围;介绍了两个应用案例。     

施用污泥堆肥对滩涂土壤理化性质的影响

污泥堆肥中富含有机质营养成分，可改良土壤，同时要防止重金属和病原菌等可能引起的污染。为评价污泥堆肥作为土壤改良基质的可能性，本试验系统进行了上海曲阳水质净化厂污泥堆肥／滩涂土混配土的理化性质分析。研究结果表明，污泥堆肥与滩涂土混配后，土壤pH、电导率、阳离子交换量等理化指标得到改善；营养得到补充，肥力提高明显；混配土中未见病原菌污染问题，污泥堆肥施加比例控制在30％（干重计）以内时，也不存在重金属污染风险，混配土可以满足农用要求。     

青岛市剩余污泥处置现状分析及资源化利用

介绍了青岛市城市污水处理厂剩余污泥目前的产生情况及处置现状,对比分析了国内外先进的剩余污泥处置方法和技术。提出了适合青岛市剩余污泥资源化利用的途径和方法。剩余污泥既是污染物又是一种资源,污泥的处理、处置与资源化利用相结合才是其最好的出路。