城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中重金属的形态变化

污泥中重金属的含量和各重金属的生物有效性是污泥农业利用的重要限制因素.本研究对城市污泥进行了堆肥化处理,并采集不同阶段样品,通过顺序浸提法对样品中不同形态的重金属进行提取,分别利用原子吸收分光光度计测定Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd含量、分光光度法测定Cr和As含量.研究结果发现,与现有国际及我国污泥农用标准比较,所研究污泥中重金属含量均未超过允许的水平.污泥堆肥中Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd四种重金属元素的可氧化态含量也相对较高,除Cd外,经过堆肥化处理后所有重金属的有效态含量均呈下降趋势,因此,堆肥可以促进污泥中的重金属稳定化,降低土壤的污染风险.     

堆肥对重金属污染土壤Cu、Cd形态变化的影响

通过盆栽茼蒿试验研究了不同堆肥用量对重金属Cu、Cd污染土壤根际土和非根际土中Cu、Cd形态变化的影响.结果表明,随着堆肥用量的增加,非根际土和根际土交换态(含水溶态)Cu含量显著增加,最大值是对照的6.0倍;;有机结合态Cu含量在非根际土中显著升高,而在根际土中则先显著升高后降低,两者最大值是对照处理的1.1倍;;非根际土中无机结合态Cu含量先降低后升高;;非根际土和根际土残渣态Cu含量都先显著增加后基本不变.随着堆肥用量增加,非根际土中交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量显著降低,有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量显著升高,无机结合态Cd含量变化不明显;;根际土中,交换态(含水溶态)Cd含量先降低后升高,有机结合态Cd含量显著上升,无机结合态和残渣态Cd先上升后下降.因此,供试堆肥可作为修复剂减弱Cd的危害,但长期施用会造成Cu的累积,应慎重考虑.     

An experimental study on the influence of zeolite on changes of pH and alkalinity in anaerobic treatment of compost leachate

With the increase of urbanization, municipal solid waste has also increased. Therefore, the need for solid waste management is also increasing compared with earlier decades. Composting is a good option for the recycling of solid waste; however, it produces leachate, which requires proper treatment systems to prevent environmental degradation. Due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in compost leachate, anaerobic treatment is the best option for handling the effluent, and an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one such anaerobic reactor that can be used for its treatment. Because of high ammonia and heavy metal concentrations, as well as the possibility of sludge washout in ABRs, it is important to use proper media, such as zeolite, which can reduce inhibition effects and sludge washout from the reactor. Anaerobic treatment, especially during the methanogenesis phase, is sensitive, and pH and alkalinity are parameters that influence the treatment. Therefore, adjusting these parameters within a normal range is very important to the proper functioning of anaerobic systems. In this study, a pilot‐scale ABR was used, and the last 4 of the 8 ABR compartments were filled with zeolite. The bioreactor was operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3, 4, and 5 days, with zeolite filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, and influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L). In this study, pH value was 6.43 ± 0.1, 6.96 ± 0.3, and 6.96 ± 0.25 at filling ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. According to the results, in all filling ratios, no significant changes were observed in the pH value when the organic loading rate increased and its amount was within a constant range. Influent alkalinity was equal to 2015 ± 510, 2884 ± 505, and 4154 ± 233 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter (mg CaCO₃/L) at influent COD concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 mg/L, respectively, and in effluent, they were 2536 ± 336, 3379 ± 639, and 4377 ± 325 mg CaCO₃/L, respectively. The amount of alkalinity in the effluent increased compared with the alkalinity in the influent. The results show that the amount of alkalinity in the influent and effluent was similar, and the alkalinity enhancement was lower when the filling ratio was increased from 10% to 20%, and 20% to 30%. Comparisons of the results from zeolite with and without biofilm showed that, in cases of zeolite with biofilm, the amounts of silica and oxygen decreased and the amount of carbon increased, and it showed the formation of biofilm on the surface of zeolite. In addition, the absence of sodium in the zeolite with the biofilm indicated that sodium was exchanged with ammonium ions. According to the results, zeolite can be used in anaerobic reactors as a medium, and it also reduces fluctuations in pH and alkalinity at different organic loading rates, providing a normal range for anaerobic treatment.     

微生物调控对有机废物堆肥的理化性质影响研究

研究了微生物调控对有机生活废物堆肥的理化性质影响,结果表明:添加微生物处理比对照处理提前1 d进入高温分解期,且高温(>50℃)持续时间为6 d,较对照处理的长3 d;pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,微生物处理的pH值对照处理的偏低;EC值呈"M"型变化规律,微生物处理的EC值较对照高;在整个堆肥过程中微生物处理的胡敏酸E 4/E 6值都低于对照,表明添加菌剂有利于生活垃圾腐殖化;以发芽指数GI均大于80%这一标准评判,微生物处理比对照提前8d腐熟.     

青霉素菌渣堆肥过程中青霉素钠降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究开发青霉素发酵菌渣堆肥资源化与无害化技术,采用传统的富集、分离、纯化等微生物学方法,在青霉素菌渣与猪粪混合堆肥过程中筛选出一株青霉素钠高效降解菌——PC-2,并对其进行形态表征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的微生物种属鉴定. 结果表明:菌株PC-2属螯合球菌属(Chelatococcus sp.),其能够利用青霉素钠为唯一碳源生长,但外加碳、氮源可显著提高菌株PC-2对青霉素钠的降解效率. 当葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、菌株PC-2接种量为14%、pH为6~8时,菌株PC-2在37 ℃下振荡培养6 h,对初始ρ(青霉素钠)为400 mg/L的青霉素钠的降解率可达98%以上. 自堆肥过程中获取高效青霉素钠降解菌PC-2,预示着其在菌渣堆肥过程中的应用潜力,也有助于深入开展青霉素制药菌渣的安全有效与无害化处理处置方法的研究.      

北京市污水处理厂污泥应用于园林绿化的可行性分析

目前北京市的污泥产量逐步增长,将其堆肥化处理后,施加到园林绿化项目中去,可有效解决污泥出路和园林绿化所需有机肥的问题。从北京市污泥产量,园林绿化面积,堆肥化处理技术和经济效益可行性方面进行了论述,分析结果表明,北京市的园林绿化面积完全可以消纳产生的污泥,并且具有较高的经济效益,实现了生态效益和经济效益的有机统一。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10％（T1）、15％（T2）、20％（T3）和不加磷矿粉（CK）四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10％、15％和20％。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30％左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90％以上,水溶性碳（DOC）含量均降至10g.kg。以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12．58、12．81、12．96g.kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23．53％、17．07％、14．50％,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径：     

鸡粪腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合铜的变化

以鸡粪为材料,添加不同比例的铜锌进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合态铜(水溶性、氢氧化钠溶性、氢氧化钠-焦磷酸钠混合液溶性)浓度的动态变化、受锌含量的影响及其与有效铜的关系.结果表明,粪肥原样H2O-Cu(水溶性腐殖质结合态铜)占其全铜量的10.97%,在腐解过程中先上升后下降;随着粪肥中添加铜量的增加(1:1、2:1、3:1处理),H2O-Cu占其全铜的比例相应减少了(平均分别占其全铜的比例的7.10%、5.18%和3.74%);H2O-Cu随着腐解时间延长呈增加趋势;在腐解的后期(45、60d),粪肥中锌含量的增加会降低H2O-Cu含量.腐解初期粪肥原样NaOH浸提腐殖质-铜(NaOH-Cu)占其全铜量的70.87%,随腐解进行其比例大幅度下降;NaOH-Cu占其全铜的比例随着加入铜的增大而有所下降,分别为55.59%、46.04%和38.08%,且随着腐解时间延长呈下降趋势;粪肥中锌含量的增加对NaOH-Cu含量变化影响较小.粪肥原样中NaOH-Na4P2O7提取腐殖质结合态铜(NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu)占其全铜量的24.29%,随腐解过程呈增加趋势,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu量随着加入铜量的增加而增加,占其全铜比例的15%～25%;粪肥中锌含量增加对NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu有促进作用.粪肥添加铜锌后,3种浸提剂提取的可溶性腐殖质结合态铜有55%～80%分配在NaOH的溶液中,10%～30%分配在NaOH-Na4P2O7碱性混合液中,0～10%在水溶液中;随加入铜含量和锌含量的增加,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu平均分配比(占3种町浸提性腐殖质-Cu的比例)增加,NaOH-Cu和H2O-Cu的分配比减少.相关性分析结果表明:H2O-Cu、NaOH-Cu和NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu之间显著正相关,它们与有效铜之间呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).     

源分类家庭有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中的PAHs

将源分类家庭生物有机垃圾同秸秆按质量比10:1混合后进行堆肥处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)按照U.S.EPA 8270方法对生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs进行分析测试,比较生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs含量、分布及生物降解率,评估堆肥产品PAHs农田风险,综合论述影响家庭有机垃圾堆肥过程中PAHs降解因素,为生物有机垃圾堆肥农田利用提供依据.结果表明,源分类家庭生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中∑PAH16化合物含量分别为2.19和1.96mg/ks(以干重计,下同),其中萘、芴、菲、荧蒽含量相对较高,占总量的79.76%和81.76%,这4种有机物的苯环在2-3之间,属于易降解非致癌物质,在农田施用中易被降解;在生物垃圾堆肥过程中∑PAH16的生物降解率为25.88%,堆肥后产品PAHs含量符合农田使用标准.