污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆体流场模拟及应用研究简

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型，通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系，用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响，为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟，确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状，堆高2 m，宽8 m，底部设置4条通风管，实际运行效果良好。     

添加炭基材料对蔬菜废物好氧堆肥进程和腐熟度的影响

以蔬菜废弃物辣椒秸秆和树叶为堆肥原料(CK),采用密闭式好氧堆肥工艺,研究了添加5%木本泥炭(T1)、5%活性炭(T2)和10%木本泥炭(T3)等炭基材料对堆肥p H、EC、CO2累积量、物料损失率、T值、C/N和发芽率指数的影响。结果显示,T2处理的p H在60 d后维持在8~9之间;EC值随着堆肥进行呈现先下降后升高再下降的趋势,最终CK、T1、T2和T3处理的EC值(m S/cm)分别降低了1.02、0.76、0.33和0.48;T2和T3处理的CO2累积量一直高于其他处理;所有处理的物料损失率均在20%以上;4个处理堆肥产品的T值分别为0.56、0.65、0.68和0.69;堆肥产品的发芽率指数分别为63.2%、69.3%、93.5%和86.1%。T值和发芽率指数显示T2和T3处理达到了腐熟阶段。结果表明,在蔬菜堆肥处理中添加炭基材料可改善堆肥产品的理化性质,加速堆肥物料的分解,有效地缩短堆肥周期和提高堆肥产品的腐熟度。     

磺胺甲噁唑对猪粪堆肥过程中堆料性质与酶活性的影响

以猪粪、小麦秸秆为材料,研究了磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）对高温堆肥过程中理化性质（温度、pH值、E₄/E₆）和酶活性（纤维素酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶）的影响.结果表明：SMZ对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关.高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ会对微生物活性产生显著抑制作用,表现出堆肥温度难以达到无害化标准,堆料pH值较低（<9.0）.但高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ能激活多酚氧化酶活性,且水提浸液E₄/E₆值较低.在堆肥过程中,SMZ对纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈现出“抑制-激活-抑制”的作用,50 mg·kg^-1的SMZ对纤维素酶产生不同程度的激活作用.相比之下,脲酶活性对SMZ的敏感性比纤维素酶更敏感,5 mg·kg^-1的SMZ即能显著抑制脲酶活性,中浓度（50 mg·kg^-1）的SMZ对碱性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用.综上,SMZ通过影响酶活性而影响堆肥过程的物质转化.此外,SMZ浓度越大,种子发芽指数越低.当SMZ≥50 mg·kg^-1时,堆肥难以腐熟而对植物毒性较大.     

覆盖处理对猪粪秸秆堆肥中氮素转化和堆肥质量的影响

为了探讨覆盖措施对堆肥化中氮素转化与堆肥质量的影响,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥箱中,模拟研究了覆盖腐熟堆肥后,下层猪粪秸秆堆肥及覆盖层中氮素形态和其他腐熟度指标的变化.结果表明:覆盖处理降低了下层堆肥中的含水率、种子发芽指数(GI值)、升温期和高温期的pH值,增大了降温期后的堆肥电导率EC值,而对堆温影响不大.覆盖处理未改变堆制初期下层堆肥中氨气的释放总量,只延缓了氨气的释放时间,但明显增加了降温期后堆肥中硝态氮和有机氮的含量.在堆制期间,覆盖处理的下层堆肥中硝态氮、有机氮、总氮和总磷含量的增幅分别比对照高66.7％、33.8％、32.7％和138.6％;而有机碳降解率、铵态氮和腐殖质含量的降幅则分别比对照低1.1％、8.0％和3.7％.覆盖层中pH值、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的变化说明腐熟堆肥能够吸收下层堆肥释放的氨气并进行硝化作用;覆盖层的腐熟堆肥总体上进行了矿化作用,从而影响了下层堆肥的氮素转化过程及质量.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究

为了探明低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵的影响,开发出适合东北寒区堆肥发酵的微生物菌剂.本研究在0℃以下以牛粪、秸秆为原料,分别设置接种低温复合菌剂堆肥、接种常温菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理,测定了堆肥过程中温度、p H、C/N、全磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和种子发芽指数的动态变化.试验结果表明,接种低温复合菌剂组第11 d进入高温期(50℃),比接种常温菌剂组提前了14 d,最高温度达62℃,高温期维持了9 d,而自然堆肥组一直未进入高温期.至堆肥结束时,接种低温复合菌剂组和接种常温菌剂组的最终p H分别为7.17、7.24;C/N均降到20以下,分别为16.10、15.67;全磷的变化无明显差异;种子发芽指数分别为92%和85%.添加菌剂组较自然堆肥组铵态氮含量明显降低,硝态氮含量增高.综上所述,接种低温复合菌剂可以在低温下促进堆肥迅速起温,并保证了堆肥的腐熟质量.     

膨润土调质对污泥堆肥的脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除作用

利用干基添加比例为0~10%钙基膨润土对污泥进行了调质,通过52 d的好氧堆肥研究了调质对堆体温度、pH、水溶性盐分(EC)、有机碳、总氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的影响,并进一步分析了其对污泥脱毒(种子萌发)和重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd)钝化及雌酮(E1)消除的影响.结果表明,污泥经外加膨润土调质后,可以促进堆肥物料的热灭活无害化,能使有机碳矿化率达到15.27%~19.71%;堆肥过程中各处理堆肥pH先降低后升高,最终稳定在6.76~7.05之间,但膨润土调质堆肥pH的波动变缓;添加膨润土的堆肥EC显著低于对照处理(1 132μS·cm~(-1)),整个堆肥过程EC值随着膨润土添加比例的增加而稍有降低.堆肥过程中的总氮含量逐渐增加,但对照处理在堆肥初期存在一定的氮素损失,而污泥经过调质可减少堆肥初期氮素损失;整个堆肥中NH_4~+-N含量先增加后降低,各处理NO_3~--N均呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,表明污泥调质促进NO_3~--N的转化.虽然调质对种子发芽产生一定的抑制作用,但均不影响堆肥的腐熟,且能显著促进重金属的钝化,同时添加膨润土处理显著降低堆料E1含量,添加比例5%处理使E1含量由90.48μg·kg~(-1)降低至28.27μg·kg~(-1).研究表明,膨润土不高于5%的添加比例是适合的污泥调质措施,在污泥堆肥物料的安全化、脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除方面具有较好的应用潜力.     

Accumulation and mobility of zinc in soil amended with different levels of pig-manure compost

Applying manure compost not only results in zinc accumulation in the soil but also causes an increase in zinc mobility and enhances zinc leaching. In this study, the physical and chemical characteristics of zinc, zinc profiles, and zinc balance were investigated to characterise the fate of zinc in fields where the quality and amount of pig manure compost applied have been known for 13 years. Moreover, we determined zinc fractionation in both 0.1 mol L^?1HCl-soluble (mobile) and -insoluble (immobile) fractions. Adsorption of zinc in the soil was enhanced with increasing total carbon content following the application of pig manure compost. The 159.6 mg ha^?1 year^?1manure applied plot (triplicate) exceeded the Japanese regulatory level after only 6 years of applying pig manure compost, whereas the 53.2 mg ha^?1 year^?1 manure applied plot (standard) reached the regulatory level after 13 years. The zinc loads in the plots were 17.0 and 5.6 kg ha^?1 year^?1, respectively. However, 5.9 % and 17.2 % of the zinc loaded in the standard and the triplicate pig manure compost applied plots, respectively, were estimated to be lost from the plough layer. Based on the vertical distribution of mobile and immobile zinc content, a higher rate of applied manure compost caused an increase in the mobile zinc fraction to a depth of 40 cm. Although the adsorption capacity of zinc was enhanced following the application of pig manure compost, a greater amount of mobile zinc could move downward through the manure amended soil than through non manure-amended soil.     

Biodegradation of α and β Endosulfan in Soil as Influenced by Application of Different Organic Materials

Abstract

A laboratory pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of amending soil with four different sources of organic matter on the degradation rate of α and β endosulfan isomers. Poultry by-product meal, poultry manure, dairy manure, and municipal solid waste compost were cured, dried, ground (<1 mm) and thoroughly mixed with a calcareous soil at a rate of 2% and placed in plastic pots. Endosulfan was added at the rate of 20 mg kg^?1. The moisture level was kept near field capacity and the pots were kept at room temperature. Soil sub-samples, 100 g each, were collected from every pot at days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 43, and 57 for the measurement of endosulfan isomers. Endosulfan residues were extracted from the soil samples with acetone. The supernatant was filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate, 5 mL aliquot was diluted to 25 mL with hexane, mixed well, and then two sub-samples from the filtrates were analyzed for α and β endosulfan isomers by gas chromatography. The results indicated that the half-life (T _½) of α-endosulfan in the poultry by-product meal treatment was 15 days compared to about 22 days in the other treatments. The T _½ of β-endosulfan was 22 days in the poultry by-product meal treatment and followed a bi-phasic pattern, 57 days in the municipal solid waste compost treatment and the extrapolated T _½ was about 115 days for the other three treatments.     

Sorption of 2,4-D on Natural and Organic Amended Soils of Different Characteristics

The effect of one organic amendment consisting of an urban waste compost (UWC) was assessed on the sorption properties of the herbicide 2,4-D on four soils of different physicochemical characteristics. The soils chosen were a Typic Haphorthod (ST), a Typic Endoaquept (SR), an Entic Pelloxerert (TO), and a Typic Eutrochrept (AL). Adsorption experiments were performed on the original soils, and on mixtures of these soils with UWC at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation, and after aging for 8 and 25 weeks. 2,4-D adsorption was the highest on ST soil, whereas the lowest adsorption was for SR soil. This behavior is related to the high amount of organic matter (OM) and amorphous iron and aluminum oxides content on soil ST, whereas soil SR had the lowest OM content and specific surface area of the soils of this study. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused an increase in the 2,4-D adsorption by three of the soils treated with UWC, with the only exception being ST soil, due to an observed decrease in its specific surface area. The adsorbed amounts of the herbicide on aged organic fertilized soils diminished in three of the amended soils, but was still greater than on unamended soils. In contrast, the ST soil showed the largest adsorption for unamended soil.