细菌群落结构对水体富营养化的响应

于2005年2月在太湖不同营养水平湖区采集水样,寞接提取水样的总DNA,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V3区PCR扩增,产物经DGGE(变性凝胶梯度电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱;并运用FDC(表面荧光直接计数)方法对细菌丰度进行了测定.结果表明,水体中细菌的群落结构随着水体富营养化程度的改变产生明显变化,细菌数量呈现随水体营养水平增加而上升的趋势,营养水平较低的湖心区细菌数量仅为2.87×106 cells·mL-1,超富营养化的五里湖区水体中.细菌数量高达5.92×106cells·mL-1;细菌群落多样性随水体营养水平增加呈现显著的下降趋势,在超富营养化的1#、2#采样位点,细菌DGGE主要条带数量仅为23条,在沉水植物丰富区(贡湖湾)细菌DGGE主要条带数量达33条.PCA(主成分分析)的聚类结果表明,太湖水体中不同营养水平下的细菌群落多样性可大致归为3种类型,超富营养化的五里湖区水体细菌群落结构与梅粱湾及汞湖湾存在明显不同,可以大体归为超富营养类型、藻型湖区及草型湖区类型3种.此结果反映了水体富营养化过程中,由于营养物质的增加,促进了某些类群微生物的大量繁殖,水体中微生物的生物量显著增加;生态环境条件的恶化,造成了微生物多样性的下降,这可能导致原本稳定的水生态系统脆弱化.     

粗铅冶炼烟尘治理技术

粗铅冶炼中烟尘污染严重，而且很难治理。文中提出了一种全新的治理技术组合和设备，并应用在某一铅冶炼厂，取得了非常理想的效果。     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

横向塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法测定作物中的痕量铅

以磷酸二氢氨硝酸为基体改进剂，利用横向塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法选择最佳的灰化和原子化温度，测定作物中痕量铅，方法线性好，相关系数为0．99928。灵敏度高，准确度好。加标回标率为99．5～105％，相对标准偏差达0．74。     

上海市大气中非甲烷烃与机动车尾气排放研究

采用特征性化合物法和统计法相结合的方法,对上海市大气中非甲烷烃(NMHC)与作为机动车尾气特征性化合物的CO与Pb进行了相关性分析。结果发现,NMHC与Pb在显著性水平0.01下显著性相关,相关系数达到0.593(n=18);NMHC与CO小时均值相关系数达到0.495(n=2329),日均值相关系数达到0.581(n=114)。从而判断机动车尾气排放已经逐渐成为上海市大气中NMHC的主要贡献者。     

高岭土矿成因分类的氢氧同位素证据

本文论述了氢、氧同位素作为高岭土矿成因类型地球化学指标的意义.根据氢、氧同位素数据,我国浙闽沿海地区高岭土矿床主要可分为热液蚀变型和风化作用型两大类.其成矿溶液以大气降水为主.     

海洋环境中氧同位素示踪物技术

本文简要地介绍了在环境海洋学中的氧同位素示踪物技术，它有望成为大洋环流研究中一种新的可靠方法。以热带西太平洋和东海黑潮区等为例，文章对运用氧同位素示踪物技术以及氧同位素与盐度的相羞生描述海流的输运过程、水平和垂直扩散过程以及水团特征和混合过程等问题加以阐述。     

玻碳电极伏安法直接测定海水中铜,铅,镉

本文研究了使用玻碳电极作为工作电极,Ag-AgCI电极为参比电极的阳极溶出伏安法直接测定海水中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的方法。和汞膜电极法相比,该法具有分离效果好、检出下限低、基本无毒性等优点。在pH值为6.5—6.7的样品中,3个元素的加标回收率都比较满意。     

铅污染地区儿童血浆氨基酸水平的研究

本研究通过对铅污染区与非铅污染区儿童血浆中２０种氨基酸的测定和分析，结果表明：铅污染区除谷氨酸（ＧＬＵ）、异亮氨酸（ＩＬＥ）、苯丙氨酸（ＰＨＥ）显著高于非污染区（Ｐ＜０．０５）外，亮氨酸（ＬＥＵ），酪氨酸（ＴＹＲ）含量也呈高于非污染区的趋势；而两氨酸（ＡＬＡ）、胱氨酸（ＣＹＳ）、缬氨酸（ＶＡＬ）、赖氨酸（ＬＹＳ）、氨（ＮＨ３）、组氨酸（ＨＩＳ）、精氨酸（ＡＲＧ）、羟脯氨酸（ＨＹＰＲ）、脯氨酸（ＰＲＯ）、牛磺氨酸（ＴＡＵ）九种氨基酸，在污染区显著降低且差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

浙江中西部氟的丰度与有关矿产的关系

对区内11个地层系,45个地层组(群)及岩性,岩类分别进行氟丰度和区域地球化学背景研究。全区地层平均含氟。062％,略高于克拉克值,浙西北0.052％,相当克拉克值,浙东南的陈蔡窿起区为0.067％,是一高氟背景区。陈蔡窿起带的Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn相应背景含量也高,特别是黑云斜长片麻岩,可为矿源层。