Rhodococcus sp. Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Rhodococcus sp. Ns为对硝基苯酚（PNP）与邻硝基苯酚（ONP）的高效降解菌.在好氧条件下该菌可以耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的PNP,能够利用PNP和ONP为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化.研究了Rhodococcus sp. Ns在不同pH、盐度与浓度范围下,PNP的降解特性并探讨了该菌降解PNP的途径.实验得出该菌在盐度<5‰、 pH>5的条件下能较快生长,1.5 mmol/L的PNP在96h内被完全降解,并检测到至少2种中间产物4-硝基儿茶酚(4-nitrocatechol)和1,2,4-苯三酚 (1,2,4-benzenetriol).红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

WPSTM-TEOMTM-MOUDITM的对比及大气气溶胶密度研究

通过对2005年夏季上海、北京地区大气气溶胶观测中3种不同原理气溶胶分析及采样仪的对比,考察了颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布仪（WPS^TM）、锥形元件振荡微量天平（TEOM^TMTM）在运行中所得数据的可比性.其中TEOM^TM测量PM_2.5质量浓度与WPS^TM计算PM_2.5质量浓度数据的相关系数分别为0.77和0.79,并发现在粗粒子颗粒物比例较高的时段二者相关性分别提高为0.91和0.84.MOUDI^TM分级质量浓度与WPS^TM计算分级质量浓度数据对比显示,除最小粒径分级外其他分级均有较好相关性（R分布在0.76～0.92）.应用2组不同对比数据推测了上海和北京观测点PM_2.5颗粒物密度,研究发现上海采样点颗粒物密度约为1.70 g·cm^-3,而北京采样点颗粒物密度约为1.50 g·cm^-3.     

沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应

采用浓度梯度污染暴露室内模拟方法,研究了沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube）暴露于不同浓度的石油烃和重金属Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应.结果表明,石油烃和Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺对沙蚕均具有较强的毒性效应.暴露4 d和10 d后,石油烃LC₅₀分别为440和110 μg·L^-1,Cu²⁺分别为1 150和570 μg·L^-1,Cd²⁺分别为5 090和2 500 μg·L^-1,相应的生态毒性大小为：石油烃＞Cu²⁺＞Cd²⁺.在Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到一定程度的抑制,但抑制率均低于50％.而在石油烃污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到显著抑制,最高抑制率可达90％以上;而且,其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化与石油烃的浓度显著相关.可见,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化可以作为生物标志物,较灵敏地反映出石油烃对沙蚕的污染效应及其毒害作用.     

C/P对EBPR系统PAOs与GAOs竞争及PHAs代谢过程影响研究

以富含聚磷菌(PAOs)活性污泥为基础,基于FISH技术研究了SBR工艺不同C/P(25∶1、20∶1、15∶1和10∶1)对EBPR系统中功能菌变化特征与微生物胞内聚合物(PHAs)代谢过程的影响.结果表明,经过10 d运行处理,C/P分别为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1系统磷酸盐去除率88%,而C/P为10∶1系统磷酸盐的去除率为0%.FISH检测结果显示,随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,EBPR系统中PAOs的含量相应从(76.42±1.24)%减少到(10.40±0.97)%,而聚糖菌(GAOs)则从(16.36±3.41)%增加到(34.25±2.59)%.在厌氧段,不同C/P条件下EBPR系统中PHB和PHV的合成动力学系数大小分别为K25∶1K20∶1K15∶1K10∶1和K15∶1K20∶1K25∶1K10∶1.随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,合成PHB在PHAs中所占的比例从85%下降到24%,而PHV则从15%上升到76%;在好氧段,不同C/P系统消耗PHB和PHV的动力学系数大小均为K20∶1K25∶1K15∶1K10∶1,且C/P为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHB(占PHAs 71%～75%),而C/P为10∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHV(占PHAs 71%).由此表明,随着C/P的降低,EBPR系统内GAOs增加而PAOs减少,从而导致系统内PHB合成与消耗比例逐渐减少,而PHV合成与消耗比例逐渐增加.     

Cr（Ⅵ）对海洋浮游植物生长的影响

采用一次培养实验方法,研究了Cr（Ⅵ）污染物对海洋浮游植物生长的影响.结果表明高浓度Cr（Ⅵ）对8种浮游植物的生长普遍有抑制作用,而较低浓度Cr（Ⅵ）则易促进旋链角毛藻、青岛大扁藻及中肋骨条藻的生长.并且在Logistic生长模型的基础上结合Lorentz方程和GaussAmp方程,引入Cr（Ⅵ）污染物浓度项,建立Cr（Ⅵ）污染物条件下海洋浮游植物生长动力学模型,来描述Cr（Ⅵ）存在条件下海洋浮游植物的生长过程,其中Lorentz方程可描述Cr（Ⅵ）浓度的变化对浮游植物生长速率参数的影响,而GaussAm     

电转化法将luxAB基因导入毒死蜱降解茵β菌株的研究

采用电转化法将带发光酶基因luxAB的质粒pTR102导人毒死蜱降解菌β菌株,研究了细胞生长状态、电压强度、电击时间和质粒浓度对转化效率的影响,并对转化子的生理特性进行研究.实验结果表明,以处于对数生长早期的菌液制备感受态细胞,在质粒浓度16.5μg·mL-1、电压2.5kV,电击时间3ms条件下的转化率最高,可达2....     

利用PCR-DGGE溯源典型农村塘坝饮用水中的污染

以华南地区典型农村塘坝饮用水为研究对象,采用基于大肠杆菌的两种特异性基因(β-D-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因uidA和膜外周磷通道蛋白编码基因phoE)的群体差异分析(PCR-DGGE),对饮用水中的污染情况进行了溯源研究.结果表明,采用富集培养的混合菌体DNA作为模板扩增大肠杆菌特异性基因更加实用.uidA和phoE的引物均...     

漆酶催化酚类、苯胺类化合物的动力学分析及其测定废水中邻苯二酚的应用研究

含酚、苯胺类废水是环境中水污染的重要来源之一.本研究以漆酶分析酚类及苯胺类底物的动力学特性为基础,建立酚类、苯胺类化合物的分析方法.以分光光度法测定漆酶催化0～10mg/L酚类及苯胺类底物的反应速率,作出底物浓度与反应速率的标准曲线,采用漆酶筛查并检测了3种焦化废水中非挥发酚类含量.结果表明,漆酶的酚类及苯胺类底物主要以多元酚、氨基酚及多元胺为主,其中酚类的最适pH在7.0左右,苯胺类在4.5～5.0之间,各底物Km值大小在0.4～10mmol/L之间.除联苯胺外,分光光度法所得到的标准曲线均具有较好的一级反应动力学线性关系,相关系数R2在0.96以上.3种焦化废水中邻苯二酚含量分别为190.5、265.8和155.3mg/L,回收率介于91.9%～115.8%之间.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.