汽车内微环境空气污染的初步探究

为了研究车内的污染水平,在2004-04-10至2004-06-20对车内空气进行了采样和分析.对车龄在2年内的91种型号轿车的车内微环境进行了静态检测,有效检测车辆共计802辆,同时对比检测20辆2002年以前出厂的旧车.检测项目包括甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和CO等.参照国家室内空气质量标准,新车中甲苯浓度超标率达82%,苯和甲醛浓度的超标率分别为75%和24%.在被检测车辆中,甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度均是新车比旧车高,只有CO浓度是旧车比新车高.初步分析判断苯系物主要来源于车内的胶粘剂,甲醛来自于车椅座套和座垫等,CO来源于发动机排放残留.     

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently lacking. In this regard, we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission characteristics. We noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50% of the total VOC emissions, followed by alkenes, aromatics and alkanes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most emission species, accounting for 61.8%-83.2% of OVOCs. For construction machinery, the fuel-based emission factors of roller, grader and pile driver were 3.12, 3.12 and 7.36 g/kg, respectively. With the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards, VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably, especially during stage Ⅲ. Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher reactivity. For river ships, the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg, respectively. VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton, respectively. This study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD, and more importantly, highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.     

没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—Co(Ⅱ)化学发光体系测定钴

本文用没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—CO(Ⅱ)化学发光体系建立了痕量钴的化学发光测定法.方法检出限达0.5ng/ml 钴,线性范围是1×10~(-9)—8×10~(-7)g/ml 钴,测定的相对标准偏差小于1.0%,考察了24种常见离子的干扰情况.方法已用于水样中痕量钴的测定.     

DNA damage in workers exposed to formaldehyde at concentrations below occupational exposure limits

Formaldehyde has been classified in group 1 as a potential source of human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study, we evaluated the DNA damage in workers who were occupationally exposed to formaldehyde during the manufacture of melamine dinnerware.

Age, sex, smoking habits, and socioeconomic status were matched by the controls (n = 34) of workers not occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. The median value of formaldehyde time weighted average exposure in three workshops was 0.086 mg/m³. No significant difference was observed between sex and smoking habit in the assessed workers. Alkaline comet assay of peripheral blood lymphocytes was used to determine the DNA damage in the subjects. Olive moment was significantly higher in the exposed group compared with the control group.

Overall, the results suggest that respiratory exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde causes DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocyte. Therefore, exposure to formaldehyde should be reduced to the lowest possible level.     

甲醛的共存对靛酚蓝分光光度法测定室内空气氨含量的影响研究

在对室内空气氨气的采样过程中不可避免地会将室内空气中共存的甲醛引入到氨吸收液中,考察了不同浓度甲醛的共存对使用靛酚蓝法测定室内空气氨含量的影响情况,分析了影响产生的原因,提出了相应的建议,可供从事室内环境检测的工作人员参考。     

Formaldehyde in China: Production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects

Formaldehyde, an economically important chemical, is classified as a human carcinogen that causes nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia. As China is the largest producer and consumer of formaldehyde in the world, the Chinese population is potentially at increased risk for cancer and other associated health effects. In this paper we review formaldehyde production, consumption, exposure, and health effects in China. We collected and analyzed over 200 Chinese and English documents from scientific journals, selected newspapers, government publications, and websites pertaining to formaldehyde and its subsequent health effects.Over the last 20 years, China's formaldehyde industry has experienced unprecedented growth, and now produces and consumes one-third of the world's formaldehyde. More than 65% of the Chinese formaldehyde output is used to produce resins mainly found in wood products — the major source of indoor pollution in China. Although the Chinese government has issued a series of standards to regulate formaldehyde exposure, concentrations in homes, office buildings, workshops, public places, and food often exceed the national standards. In addition, there have been numerous reports of formaldehyde-induced health problems, including poisoning and cancer. The lack of quality epidemiological studies and basic data on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in China.     

哈尔滨市部分新装修住宅室内空气质量的检测与评价

大量含有有害物质的装修材料的应用是引起室内空气污染的主要原因之一,经过对哈尔滨市内部分新装修住宅室内空气污染状况调查后发现,游离甲醛和总挥发性有机物均存在不同比例的超标现象。本文采用客观指数评价方法对新装修住宅的室内空气质量进行了评价,评价结果显示,48％的住宅室内空气质量符合卫生标准。     

南京市室内空气环境质量调查分析

对南京市300余户新装修住宅检测结果显示:甲醛为室内空气主要污染物,不同季节新装住宅室内空气污染程度为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,地面不同铺饰物对室内环境空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度有明显影响,污染程度从重到轻依次为卷材地板、实木地板、复合地板、地砖、地毯。     

不同气温条件下室内甲醛污染特性的探讨

用酚试剂分光光度法（GB／F18204．26—2000）对装修后室内空气中的甲醛进行测定。通过一年多的实测表明：气温在13.0℃-24．0℃范围内，测试结果的超标率为27．8％，测试结果均值为0．077mg／m^3，气温在25．0℃-30．0℃范围内，测试结果的超标率为78．1％，测试结果均值为0．270mg／m^3，两个温度段超标率相差2．8倍多，测试结果均值相差3．5倍多。室内空气中甲醛浓度与室内温度呈线性关系，表明气温对室内空气中甲醛的释放量有明显的影响。     

2,4-二硝基苯腙的色谱分离分析条件的研究

合成了甲醛的衍生物—２,４二硝基苯腙,对其结构与纯度进行了鉴定;应用气相色谱研究了其在四氯化碳溶液中的色谱分离分析性质,结果表明,将之作为标准品用于空气中甲醛的分析是可行的。