家居甲醛污染与防治对策

对于家居室内空气而言,甲醛污染主要来源自室内装潢材料以及新购买的家居。甲醛污染随着室内装潢的兴起,对人身健康造成了一定的危害,越来越引起人们的重视。我国的《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》等4部法律对民用建筑物的甲醛含量进行了规定,但还不尽健全。甲醛的危害可以从完善法律、增强环境意识等方面进行预防,必要时使用物理、化学、生物技术及时治理。     

汽车内空气甲醛污染状况及其影响因素分析

为了解车内空气甲醛污染状况及其影响因素,随机测定200辆私家轿车车内空气甲醛浓度、温度和湿度,同时通过问卷调查获得车型、车龄、车内装饰物和关窗时间等基本情况.检测可知,车内空气甲醛几何均数为0.030 mg/m 3 ,95%可信区间为0.027～0.033 mg/m 3 .参照《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883-2002)规定为0.100 mg/m 3 ,超标率为1.5%.车内空气甲醛对数质量浓度(y)与车龄(X 1 )、车内温度(X 2 )、汽车档次(X 3 )、车内温度×关窗时间(X 4 )有关,回归方程为y=-2.088 5-0.096 6X 1 0.019 9X2 0.049 5X 3 0.002 2X 4 .表明车内甲醛污染主要存在于车龄不足半年、关窗时间超过3 h以上的车辆,降低车内温度可有效控制车内甲醛污染.     

Effect of outside air ventilation rate on volatile organic compound concentrations in a call center

A study of the relationship between outside air ventilation rate and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated indoors was conducted in a call center office building. The building, with two floors and a total floor area of 4600 m², is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA. Ventilation rates were manipulated with the building's four air handling units (AHUs). VOC and CO₂ concentrations in the AHU returns were measured on 7 days during a 13-week period. VOC emission factors were determined for individual zones on days when they were operating at near steady-state conditions. The emission factor data were subjected to principal component (PC) analysis to identify groups of co-varying compounds. Potential sources of the PC vectors were ascribed based on information from the literature. The per occupant CO₂ generation rates were 0.0068–0.0092 l s⁻¹. The per occupant isoprene generation rates of 0.2–0.3 mg h⁻¹ were consistent with the value predicted by mass balance from breath concentration and exhalation rate. The relationships between indoor minus outdoor VOC concentrations and ventilation rate were qualitatively examined for eight VOCs. Of these, acetaldehyde and hexanal, which likely were associated with material sources, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, associated with personal care products, exhibited general trends of higher concentrations at lower ventilation rates. For other compounds, a clear inverse relationship between VOC concentrations and ventilation was not observed. The net concentration of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate isomers, examples of low-volatility compounds, changed very little with ventilation likely due to sorption and re-emission effects. These results illustrate that the efficacy of ventilation for controlling VOC concentrations can vary considerably depending upon the operation of the building, the pollutant sources and the physical and chemical processes affecting the pollutants. Thus, source control measures, in addition to adequate ventilation, are required to limit concentrations of VOCs in office buildings.     

酸性甲醛改性对花生壳吸附重金属离子的影响

花生壳的酸性甲醛改性对重金属离子的吸附有较大影响.改性过程使花生壳中一些含有羟基、羧基、芳香环、C-O和C-O-C键的混合物被脱除.改性后花生壳的等电点略有升高,而和羧基有关的表面负电荷量则明显降低.混合物的脱除使Pb2 的吸附量明显降低,Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附量改变不大.改性使羧基减少的同时也暴露了新的Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附位点.改性还有利于增加重金属离子在花生壳内孔中的传质速率,从而使吸附达到平衡的时间略有减少.     

超声波降解水溶液中甲醛的研究

研究了超声波场降解水溶液中甲醛的行为,并探讨了反应动力学方程。实验表明,超声波降解甲醛能够达到较高的降解率,但反应速率较低。甲醛的降解率随超声作用时间的延长而直线上升,在频率200kHz、功率200W的超声场作用4h后可达到90％左右。反应体系的最佳温度为30℃。在碱性区域甲醛的降解率出现大幅度的增加。溶液中溶解气体的种类对降解反应有一定的影响,降解速率顺序为O_3>空气>N_2。超声波降解甲醛的反应符合一级反应动力学模式。     

室内空气的植物净化效果试验

为探讨植物净化室内空气，吸收污染物的效果，用虎尾兰，君子兰作为试材，开展一系列有针对性的试验。结果表明：在污染物一定浓度范围内。虎尾兰在1周内可吸收室内甲醛总量的64.6％，二甲苯总量的61.4％、总挥发性有机物（TVOC）总量的64.8％；君子兰在1周内可吸收室内甲醛总量的70.1％，二甲苯总量的33.6％，总挥发性有机物（TVOC）总量的56.6％。     

双氰胺—甲醛絮凝剂对活性污泥的脱水性能研究

研究了有机合成阳离子高分子絮凝剂双氰胺－甲醛絮凝剂在污泥处理中的应用。从絮凝反的理论及其机理上分析了它的絮凝作用，从原理上解释并经实验证明了它在污泥脱水处理中所具有的优越性。     

利用GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪监测室内空气中的甲醛含量

本文对GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪监测室内空气甲醛含量的优势进行了分析,并对国标“GB／T18204．26-2000酚试剂比色法”和101SA仪进行样品的对比实验分析及显著性差异的检验,得出了GDY-101SA现场甲醛测定仪与酚试剂比色法所测结果无显著性差异的结论,且101SA测定仪省时省力,是开展室内甲醛监测的理想仪器之一。     

居室中甲醛含量及其释放因子关系的研究

在改变温度及湿度的条件下，对某些新居进行了密闭室内甲醛浓度的测定。表明室内甲醛浓度随时间衰减。甲醛初始浓度较大时，随温度升高，湿度增大，室内甲醛含量会明显增加。同时指出，升温过程中，室内甲醛的浓度增幅，初期要大于后期；温度与湿度同时增大，在一定范围内会联合加剧室内甲醛污染。     

室内甲醛污染及对人体健康的影响

通过对三种不同类型居室内甲醛监测表明,甲醛浓度与室内装饰、吸烟和燃料的不完全燃烧有关.兰州地区夏季室内甲醛超标率高,为41.0％～51.3％.室内主要污染物除TSP以外,甲醛居第2位,且一天中浓度最高值在中午.新建居室比普通居室甲醛浓度高,在所有情况下,室内浓度高于室外.