集胞藻(Synechocystis sp. PCC6803)对砷吸收转化特性的初步研究

砷是一种广泛存在于环境中的有毒物质.集胞藻属于单细胞藻类,广泛分布在淡水生态环境中.采用营养液培养的方法探讨了集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.PCC6803)对砷的累积和转化特性.当集胞藻分别暴露于2和100 μM的无机As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)14 d后,体内的砷形态均以As(Ⅴ)为主,并且在100 μM浓度处...     

耐高浓度As(Ⅲ)菌株的16S rDNA鉴定及对其As(Ⅲ)氧化酶性质的研究

对从某研究所含砷废水中分离筛选得到的一株耐高浓度As(Ⅲ)且能氧化As(Ⅲ)的菌株(AS-01)进行16 S-rDNA基因序列相似性分析,将该菌株鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。该菌28 h内对As(Ⅲ)的氧化率达29.8%。对该菌亚砷酸盐氧化酶的酶学性质初步研究表明,该氧化酶的最适宜作用温度为30℃,最适宜pH为6.0,且为亚砷酸盐诱导型酶。     

Bacterial community succession during the enrichment of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria at high arsenic concentrations

To generate cost-effective technologies for the removal of arsenic from water, we developed an enrichment culture of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria (CAOs) that could effectively oxidize widely ranging concentrations of As(III) to As(V). In addition, we attempted to elucidate the enrichment process and characterize the microbial composition of the enrichment culture. A CAOs enrichment culture capable of stably oxidizing As(III) to As(V) was successfully constructed through repeated batch cultivation for more than 700 days, during which time the initial As(III) concentrations were increased in a stepwise manner from 1 to 10-12 mmol/L. As(III) oxidation activity of the enrichment culture gradually improved, and 10-12 mmol/L As(III) was almost completely oxidized within four days. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the enrichment culture varied drastically during the enrichment process depending on the As(III) concentration. Isolation and characterization of bacteria in the enrichment culture revealed that the presence of multiple CAOs with various As(III) oxidation abilities enabled the culture to adapt to a wide range of As(III) concentrations. The CAOs enrichment culture constructed here may be useful for pretreatment of water from which arsenic is being removed.     

NO参与亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞死亡的调控

以模式生物酵母细胞为材料,研究亚砷酸钠胁迫对细胞死亡率和胞内NO水平的影响,以探讨NO在砷诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果显示,浓度为1～7mmol·L-1的亚砷酸钠可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡,随着处理浓度的升高和作用时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高;死细胞出现核固缩和核降解等凋亡特征;凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB(2"mol·L-1)与3mmol·L-1亚砷酸钠共同作用后,酵母细胞死亡率下降.在亚砷酸钠胁迫的过程中,酵母细胞内NO水平升高;一定浓度的NO清除剂c-PTIO(0.2mmol·L-1)或NO生成抑制剂NaN3(1mmol·L-1)均可降低亚砷酸钠引起的酵母细胞死亡率.结果表明,砷胁迫诱导的胞内NO升高是酵母细胞死亡的一个诱因,亚砷酸钠诱发的酵母细胞死亡中可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

阳离子表面活性剂改性的活性炭吸附砷(V)和砷(Ⅲ)

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）、癸基三甲基溴化铵（MTAB） 以及三甲基正十四烷溴化铵（DTAB） 改性活性炭. 结果发现,表面活性剂加载使得活性炭的比表面积、孔径体积和表面Zeta电位发生改变. 改性后的活性炭用来吸附水中的砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐. 吸附等温实验结果显示,改性后活性炭对砷酸盐的吸附能力有显著提高,但对亚砷酸盐则只有在pH>10才有明显吸附.无论对砷酸盐还是亚砷酸盐,CTAC改性效果均要好于MTAB和DTAB. 改性后活性炭对砷酸盐的吸附主要通过离子交换,但离子交换并不是唯一的吸附机理. 砷酸盐的吸附受到溶液pH值和水中其他阴离子的竞争吸附的影响.中性pH范围内吸附最佳,而阴离子对砷酸盐的竞争则是PO₄^3- >SO₄^2- > NO₃^-.     

海洋真核微藻Ostreococcus tauri对砷的解毒机制研究

实验选取模式藻种——海洋真核微藻Ostreococcus tauri为材料,以毒性较强的三价砷(As(Ⅲ))为代表,采用液态纯培养法研究海洋微藻对As(Ⅲ)的解毒机制.结果表明,As(Ⅲ)的氧化是O.tauri体内主要的砷解毒机制.暴露于含30 μmol·L^-1和1.67 μmol·L^-1 As(Ⅲ)的培养基时,该微藻分别在培养的60 h和72 h内将培养基中90%以上的As(Ⅲ)氧化为毒性较低的五价砷(As(V)).随着培养时间的增加,培养6 d后在添加30 μmol·L^-1 As(Ⅲ)的培养基和藻体内均检测到二甲基砷(DMAs(V)),表明该海洋微藻同时具有砷甲基化功能.在O.tauri体内砷甲基化可作为另一种解毒机制,满足其对较高浓度砷的解毒需要.对O. tauri的气态砷挥发能力研究表明,该海洋微藻具有砷挥发功能,可通过将砷挥发出体外进行解毒.20、40、80 μmol·L^-1 As(Ⅲ)培养4周后,O.tauri可分别产生气态砷16.7、4.0和1.3 ng.O. tauri通过对砷的氧化来降低细胞周围环境的砷毒性,通过砷甲基化及挥发降低细胞体内的砷毒性.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L.as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand culture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator,uptake and transport of arsenate(As(V))and arsenite(As(III))were studied using Pteris vittata L.under sandculture.Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P.vittata.The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds,and relatively weak in root and rhizome.Moderateincreases,from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L,in phosphate reduced uptake of As(III)more than As(V),while the reverse was observed at highconcentrations of phosphate(1.0 mmol/L).Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in frondsof P.vittata when As was supplied as As(V).It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(V)during transport.Incontrast,phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(III).Therefore,the results from presentexperiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P.vittata,especially inthe fronds,when exposed to As(V);but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P.vittata exposed toAs(III)under sand culture conditions.The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P.vittata.     

两个品种水稻对砷的吸收富集与转化特征及其健康风险

以2个水稻品种威优402号和Ⅱ优416号为实验材料,采用温室栽培方法研究对比两个品种水稻在人工添加砷处理(0、10、20和40mg·kg-1)和模拟自然砷污染(贵州高砷土和北京褐土的混合土,质量比为1∶1)胁迫条件下的生长发育状况,分析砷在水稻不同部位的累积、形态转化及其健康风险.砷处理显著地抑制了两个品种水稻的生长,水稻地上与地下部生物量、株高和穗数随砷处理水平的提高均出现明显的下降,但Ⅱ优416号的下降幅度明显低于威优402号.两个品种水稻籽粒中砷含量随砷处理水平提高也显著升高,人工添加砷各处理条件下,两个品种水稻稻谷中砷含量没有显著性差异;而在模拟自然砷污染土中,Ⅱ优416号稻谷中砷含量平均值为0.062mg·kg-1,明显低于威优402号稻谷平均值的0.278mg·kg-1.两个品种水稻各部位砷的转运系数在低砷处理时(10mg·kg-1)出现显著的升高,而在其他处理条件下保持不变.无论何种水稻品种,水稻各部位砷形态的组成和比例无显著性差异,水稻根、茎、叶中主要为无机砷,稻谷中无机和有机砷各占60%和40%.依据WHO相关建议标准,种植水稻品种Ⅱ优416号的健康风险要明显低于种植威优402号.     

The removal of arsenic from water with natural and modified clinoptilolite

The presence of increased arsenic concentrations in Eastern Croatia is a consequence of the geological composition of the soil. Because of its known harmful effects, arsenic removal is of high importance and adsorption represents an attractive and economically efficient approach to arsenic removal. The use of zeolites obtained from the Donje Jesenje deposit, Croatia (CZ) and the Zlatokop deposit in Vranjska Banja, Serbia (SZ) in Na- and Fe–Na-modified forms was investigated in order to effectively remove arsenate and arsenite from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics of arsenic was studied as a function of the initial arsenate and arsenite concentrations (30–300 μg · L^?1), equilibration time (3–48 h), pH (5–10) and in the presence of sulfate and phosphate at initial concentrations of 0.2–0.5 mg · L^?1. In order to estimate sorption constants designating the sorption capacity and affinity of the zeolites samples, the experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms. Desorption tests conducted with 1–3 mol · L^?1 HCl indicated that arsenate sorption was irreversible. The results obtained indicated that use of the Serbian zeolite in the Fe–Na-modified form (Fe–Na-SZ) was favourable for arsenate removal from water containing up to 30 μg As · L^?1.     

In vitro Methylation of Arsenite in Flemish giant rabbit Cytosol

The formation of ⁷⁴As‐monomethyIarsonic acid and ⁷⁴As‐dimethylarsinic acid from carrier‐free radiolabelled ⁷⁴As‐arsenite was evaluated in an assay mixture containing 17.6% liver cytosol from the Flemish Giant rabbit. The optimal incubation temperature and pH were respectively, 39°C and 7.6. After a 2h incubation about 90% of ⁷⁴As was protein bound. Protein bound ⁷⁴As was released by hot 2 M HNO₃ (1 min, 110°C). The treatment did not destroy methylated As‐species. Up to 70% of the carrier‐free ⁷⁴As‐arsenite was methylated. Liver cytosol was stored, without loss of activity, in liquid nitrogen in the presence of 2 mM glutathione. The optimal s‐adenosyl‐methionine concentration was 1.7mM. Formation of ⁷⁴As‐monomethylarsonic acid and ⁷⁴As‐dimethylarsinic acid increased up to a glutathione concentration of respectively 10 and 20 mM. Methylation also went through in the presence of other reducing agents and proved to be ATP dependent.