改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn淋溶迁移的影响

利用有机酸(柠檬酸和EDTA)螯合载铁改性生物质炭,探究改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣淋溶液中Mn的迁移有明显的效果。添加柠檬酸和EDTA改性的生物质炭处理后,电解锰废渣淋溶液中Mn含量减少百分率较未改性生物质炭平均增加了1.46倍、2.05倍,Mn质量浓度最大值分别为8.63,5.61 mg/L,且此时生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn迁移减少率分别达44.81%,64.08%。     

基于微波热解技术的竹炭、竹醋生产设备研究

基于现有竹炭、竹醋生产工艺流程及工业技术水平,设计了一套具有创新性的竹炭、竹醋生产设备,并给出了设备完整的结构以及包括微波源功率在内的关键制造参数.该设备首次引入微波热解技术代替传统的燃烧加热方法,同时窑炉整体设计遵循节约生产空间、原料充分转化、废气废渣循环处理、热量多级利用、全封闭式生产、自动化控制等节能、环保、高效的思想.此外,在对微波源的设计上依据多源溃能理论,采用以小功率磁控管组合代替大功率磁控管设计,从而大幅降低设备的制造成本,提高微波源的使用寿命及工作稳定性.     

Reassessment of the Use of Fire as a Management Tool in Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America

Prescribed burning is increasingly being used in the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Recent work suggests that historical fire frequency has been overestimated east of the prairie–woodland transition zone, and its introduction could potentially reduce forest herb and shrub diversity. Fire‐history recreations derived from sedimentary charcoal, tree fire scars, and estimates of Native American burning suggest point‐return times ranging from 5–10 years to centuries and millennia. Actual return times were probably longer because such records suffer from selective sampling, small sample sizes, and a probable publication bias toward frequent fire. Archeological evidence shows the environmental effect of fire could be severe in the immediate neighborhood of a Native American village. Population density appears to have been low through most of the Holocene, however, and villages were strongly clustered at a regional scale. Thus, it appears that the majority of forests of the eastern United States were little affected by burning before European settlement. Use of prescribed burning assumes that most forest species are tolerant of fire and that burning will have only a minimal effect on diversity. However, common adaptations such as serotiny, epicormic sprouting, resprouting from rhizomes, and smoke‐cued germination are unknown across most of the deciduous region. Experimental studies of burning show vegetation responses similar to other forms of disturbance that remove stems and litter and do not necessarily imply adaptation to fire. The general lack of adaptation could potentially cause a reduction in diversity if burning were introduced. These observations suggest a need for a fine‐grained examination of fire history with systematic sampling in which all subregions, landscape positions, and community types are represented. Responses to burning need to be examined in noncommercial and nonwoody species in rigorous manipulative experiments. Until such information is available, it seems prudent to limit the use of prescribed burning east of the prairie–woodland transition zone. Reevaluación del Uso de Fuego como Herramienta de Manejo en Bosques Deciduos de América del Norte     

The Existence and Removal of Evaporable 137Cs-Containing Compound(S) From the Extract of Lichen Cetraria Islandica

The aim of the work described here was to investigate the existence of evaporable ¹³⁷Cscontaining compound(s) in lichen and to suggest a possible way of dealing with a phenomenon during lichen exploitation. A sample of lichen, Cetraria islandica, was submitted to aqueous extraction and the extract was monitored to be ¹³⁷Cs-radioactive. It was heated according to the experimental schedule and the resulting vapour passed over a layer of activated charcoal. By measuring the decrease in the radioactivity content of the lichen extract after heating and the radioactivity of the adsorbent it was found that a significant amount of the extracted ¹³⁷Cs could be evaporated and bound to the charcoal adsorbent (40.6%). If not captured, this radiocaesium may lead to air pollution, especially of immediate breathing space.     

Paper fibers as a carbon source for the de novo formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans

The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from carbon that was produced by the pyrolysis of paper fibers and from wood charcoal was investigated experimentally. Fibers obtained from filter paper were pyrolyzed at 300° and 800°C to produce low- and high-temperature carbon samples. The two types of carbon and wood charcoal were mixed with silica (SiO₂) and trace copper oxide to produce three synthetic fly ash samples. Experiments to measure the formation of PCCDs/Fs from the three ash samples were conducted using a bench-scale reactor. The two carbon samples derived from paper fibers generated more PCDDs/Fs than was generated by the wood charcoal. The PCDDs/Fs generated by the low-temperature carbon and by the wood charcoal were dominated by the lower-chlorinated PCDFs. Such unique homologue distribution patterns are very similar to those generated by the open burning of household waste. The high-temperature carbon generated more highly chlorinated PCDDs/Fs. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the de novo formation of PCDDs/Fs from residual carbon is discussed. Paper and paper products contained in household waste are likely to be the source of unburned carbon that contributes to high PCDD/F emissions in the open burning of household waste.     

微波处理造纸黑液滤渣及其开发与利用

利用微波处理酸析混凝沉淀法产生的造纸黑液滤渣，制成多孔状炭直接应用于造纸黑液的脱色，经脱色的溶液比原沉淀分离后的上清液脱色率提高38．5％，比市售活性炭脱色效果提高11．0％，比未加气孔引发剂微波烧制的炭脱色率提高3．5％。结果表明，采用微波处理造纸黑液滤渣制成的炭有明显的脱色效果，同时避免了造纸黑液滤渣对环境的二次污染。     

醋酸乙烯生产过程废触媒的资源化回收

采用正交实验研究了微波、超声波条件对废触媒解吸效果的影响，对比实验结果表明，1次微波2次超声波联用技术锌的洗脱率较高，回收的活性炭超过了林业局粉状活性炭二级品指标。用洗脱的醋酸锌溶液制备的磷酸锌符合防锈颜料要求。最终的废液采用电石废渣中和后达到国家废水处理三级排放标准。实现了废触媒的综合回收利用。     

微波协同活性炭催化氧化处理含酚废水的研究

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭处理含酚废水。结果表明微波催化氧化工艺对苯酚的处理效果明显优于单纯活性炭吸附与单纯微波辐射工艺。通过正交实验得出微波处理的最佳条件：活性炭用量1.0 g,微波功率600 W,微波时间3 min。在该条件下,选用2号活性炭对苯酚浓度为600 mg/L的模拟水样进行处理,含酚废水中的酚去除率达到67.79%。     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

响应面法优化烧烤竹炭对水中磷的吸附条件

采用响应面法优化烧烤竹炭(BBC)对水中磷的吸附条件。用Box-Behnken Design实验设计考察初始磷质量浓度、BBC粒径、BBC加人量和初始溶液pH等因素对磷去除率的影响。实验结果表明:各因素对磷去除率影响的大小顺序依次为初始溶液pHBBC粒径初始磷质量浓度BBC加入量;BBC吸附水中磷的最佳反应条件为初始磷质量浓度26.81 mg/L,BBC粒径0.15 mm,BBC加入量10.6 g/L,初始溶液pH 4.42;在最佳反应条件下,BBC对磷的去除率达90.04%。