改性竹炭固定化威尼斯不动杆菌吸附协同降解柴油废水的机理及动力学分析

利用改性竹炭作为载体来固定化威尼斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter venetianus),用于去除柴油.结果显示,培养96 h后,固定化菌对柴油的去除率为86.35%,要高于游离菌(80.50%).为了探究固定化菌去除柴油的机理,采用动力学拟合实验数据,发现固定化菌去除(吸附-降解)柴油中总石油烃(TPHs)的过程符合伪二级动力学,表明TPHs是先吸附在改性竹炭上,然后被目标菌降解.为了进一步证实,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察到Acinetobacter venetianus很好地固定在载体材料上.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,经固定化菌处理后,柴油水溶液的谱图在3437.2、2924.4、1407.8 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,可能为烷烃降解的酯类及羧酸类物质.GC-MS分析表明,相比游离菌,固定化菌对柴油的去除更为彻底.因此,改性竹炭不仅可以作为良好的固定化载体,同时因其对TPHs良好的吸附性能从而提高了去除效率,为油类污染中TPHs的生物材料修复提供了一个新的视角.     

壳聚糖改性竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对微囊藻毒素的吸附特性研究

研究了壳聚糖改性的竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对饮用水中微囊藻毒素Microcystin-RR(MCRR)的吸附效果和机理.结果表明,这种新合成的吸附剂具有一定的孔结构,比表面积为203.63m·2g-1,平均孔径为7.23nm,并且具有较高比例的介孔分布,这种特性使得其对最长分子尺寸为2.86nm的MCRR具有较好的捕捉效果.吸附动力学实验表明,接触时间达到100min后,吸附趋于稳定,该吸附剂对MCRR的吸附行为可以用Langmuir模型(Ce/Qe=0.014Ce+0.81,R2=0.99)和Freundlich模型(lnQe=0.61lnCe+1.04,R2=0.99)较好地描述;在中性条件下该吸附剂对MCRR的最大吸附量达到69.93μg·g-1,具有较强的吸附能力.受吸附剂本身等电点及MCRR分子带电性能的影响,吸附剂对MCRR的吸附受pH影响较大,在pH=3时吸附能力最强;此外,天然有机物(NOM)的存在会对MCRR的吸附产生明显的竞争作用.脱附实验表明,改变脱附溶液的pH对提高脱附效率影响不大,甲醇作为脱附剂具有较好的脱附效果,脱附率可达到96%.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.     

玻璃纤维生产废水处理实验研究

采用混凝 +SBR +活性炭吸附组合工艺对玻璃纤维废水进行了处理试验研究 ,结果表明单独使用高分子有机絮凝剂效果不好 ,而与无机混凝剂复合使用时阳离子有机絮凝剂比阴离子有机絮凝剂效果要好。PAM +与PAC复合使用的最佳pH值为 7.5 ,其最佳配比为 0 .0 0 2 +2 .4g/L。采用SBR生化处理后 ,废水中的有机物得到有效降解 ,出水COD浓度为 1 35mg/L ,去除率达到了 70 %。活性炭对于表面活性剂废水的后处理作用明显 ,COD去除率在 60 %以上。在常温条件下的实验结果 :COD从进水的 90 0mg/L下降到 55mg/L ,去除率93 .9% ,达到国家一级排放标准     

GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱法测定气中的吡啶

建立了GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱测定气中吡啶的方法,考察吸附管类型、解吸溶剂、解吸溶剂体积、采样时间和采样流量对测定结果的影响。结果表明,气中吡啶用GDX 502吸附管以0. 5 L/min的流量采样20 min,二氯甲烷解吸至1 m L,DB-1 (30 m×250μm×0. 25μm)柱分离,空白样品低、中、高3种加标量回收率为90. 8%～108%(n=6),相对标准偏差为2. 9%～4. 4%,方法在0～19. 6 mg/L线性范围内响应良好,相关系数(r)=0. 999 9。当采样体积为10 L时,检出限为0. 01 mg/m~3。该方法重复性好、回收率高、干扰较小,能够满足空气和废气中吡啶分析的要求。     

Land‐use history as a guide for forest conservation and management

Conservation efforts to protect forested landscapes are challenged by climate projections that suggest substantial restructuring of vegetation and disturbance regimes in the future. In this regard, paleoecological records that describe ecosystem responses to past variations in climate, fire, and human activity offer critical information for assessing present landscape conditions and future landscape vulnerability. We illustrate this point drawing on 8 sites in the northwestern United States, New Zealand, Patagonia, and central and southern Europe that have undergone different levels of climate and land‐use change. These sites fall along a gradient of landscape conditions that range from nearly pristine (i.e., vegetation and disturbance shaped primarily by past climate and biophysical constraints) to highly altered (i.e., landscapes that have been intensely modified by past human activity). Position on this gradient has implications for understanding the role of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in shaping ecosystem dynamics and assessments of present biodiversity, including recognizing missing or overrepresented species. Dramatic vegetation reorganization occurred at all study sites as a result of postglacial climate variations. In nearly pristine landscapes, such as those in Yellowstone National Park, climate has remained the primary driver of ecosystem change up to the present day. In Europe, natural vegetation–climate–fire linkages were broken 6000–8000 years ago with the onset of Neolithic farming, and in New Zealand, natural linkages were first lost about 700 years ago with arrival of the Maori people. In the U.S. Northwest and Patagonia, the greatest landscape alteration occurred in the last 150 years with Euro‐American settlement. Paleoecology is sometimes the best and only tool for evaluating the degree of landscape alteration and the extent to which landscapes retain natural components. Information on landscape‐level history thus helps assess current ecological change, clarify management objectives, and define conservation strategies that seek to protect both natural and cultural elements.     

颗粒活性炭吸附染料时的表面分形分析

采用N2吸附-脱附实验研究了颗粒活性炭吸附染料前后表面特征的变化,运用表面分形维数表征了表面屏蔽效应和表面粗糙性等性质.结果表明,颗粒活性炭的孔结构是倾斜板交错重叠而形成四面开放的缝隙,桃红、绿色、天蓝、耐晒黑可以撑开颗粒活性炭的孔隙,增大平均孔径;耐晒翠蓝具有降低孔径的能力;大红却有些微孔阻塞作用.FHH理论计算出的相应的7个颗粒活性炭样品吸附6种染料前后的孔隙表面分形维数Ds很接近,为2.97左右,证明颗粒活性炭上吸附的染料并没有发生表面屏蔽效应,也没有使颗粒活性炭表面的粗糙性降低.分形吸附等温线法与基于N2吸附-脱附的FHH理论法计算出的Ds相差较大,这与两种算法的理论基础和码尺大小有关.而热力学模型计算出的Ds远大于3,与Sahouli等的研究不符.     

颗粒活性炭吸附染料过程的分形特征研究

运用Langmuir分形吸附等温线方程模拟了颗粒活性炭对染料的吸附,得到了较好的效果,并且以染料分子作为码尺计算出颗粒活性炭的表面分形维数Ds为2.590 2.染料在颗粒活性炭上的吸附动力学具有类分形特征,吸附反应的逐时速率系数k与反应时间t呈指数关系.但通过本文计算出的指数h值无法计算出分形子谱维数ds.     

磁性氧化石墨烯和磁性竹炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

制备了两种磁性碳基材料——磁性氧化石墨烯（MGO）和磁性竹炭（MBC），并将其用于模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的吸附。采用SEM，BET，FTIR技术对吸附剂进行了表征。表征结果显示：MBC具有与MGO相似的薄片层结构，且MBC的BET比表面积更大（为32.872 6 m²/g），可为Cr（Ⅵ）提供大量的吸附位点。实验结果表明：向100 mL废水中加入20.0 mg吸附剂，在废水pH为1.0、吸附温度为30 ℃、初始Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为10.0 mg/L的条件下，MGO和MBC的平衡吸附时间分别为50，70 min，平衡吸附量分别为37.7，49.7 mg/g，吸附平衡时的Cr（Ⅵ）去除率分别为75.4%和99.4%;两种磁性材料对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附均很好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;在酸性介质中，MGO和MBC的表面基团与HCr₂O₇^-和Cr₂O₇^2-之间有氢键作用。     

Bamboo charcoal addition enhanced the nitrogen removal of anammox granular sludge with COD: Performance, physicochemical characteristics and microbial community

The effects of different chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations on the anammox granular sludge with Bamboo Charcoal (BC) addition were evaluated in UASB reactor. The results showed that the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was reduced from 85.9% to 81.4% when COD concentration was increased from 50 to 150 mg/L. However, the TN removal efficiency of BC addition reactors was dramatically 3.1%–6.4% higher than that without BC under different COD concentrations. The average diameter of granular sludge was 0.13 mm higher than that without BC. The settling velocity was increased by elevated COD concentration, while the EPS and VSS/SS were increased with BC addition. The high-throughput Miseq sequencing analyses revealed that the bacterial diversity and richness were decreased under COD addition, and the Planctomycetes related to anammox bacteria were Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia. The Metagenomic sequencing indicated that the abundance of denitrification related functional genes all increased with elevated COD, while the abundance of anammox related functional genes of decreased. The functional genes related to anammox was hydrazine synthase encoding genes (hzsA, hzsB and hzsB). The average relative abundance of hzs genes in the reactor with BC addition was higher than the control at COD concentrations of 50 mg/L and 150 mg/L. The functional genes of denitrification mediated by BC were higher than those without BC throughout the operation phase. It is interesting to note that BC addition greatly enriched the related functional genes of denitrification and anammox.