MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PUGET SOUND BASIN STREAMS AND IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and somatic coliphages were detected in samples from 31 sites on streams draining urban and agricultural regions of the Puget Sound Basin Lowlands. Densities of bacteria in 48 and 71 percent of the samples exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's freshwater recreation criteria for Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively, and 81 percent exceeded Washington State fecal coliform standards. Male‐specific coliphages were detected in samples from 15 sites. Male‐specific F⁺RNA coliphages isolated from samples taken at South Fork Thornton and Longfellow Creeks were serotyped as Group II, implicating humans as potential contaminant sources. These two sites are located in residential, urban areas. F⁺RNA coliphages in samples from 10 other sites, mostly in agricultural or rural areas, were serotyped as Group I, implicating non‐human animals as likely sources. Chemicals common to wastewater, including fecal sterols, were detected in samples from several urban streams, and also implicate humans, at least in part, as possible sources of fecal bacteria and viruses to the streams.     

活性污泥对病毒的生物吸附特性

针对污水处理过程中可能存在的病原微生物对人体健康的风险,以f2噬菌体为模型病毒,采用静态吸附方法,研究病毒在活性污泥上的生物吸附特性及其影响因素,以期了解病毒在活性污泥处理系统中固液两相体系的分配规律.结果表明,活性污泥对病毒的吸附速率快,吸附量大,在120 min时即能达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附率高达96%以上,对病毒的去除效果较为理想;该吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,且吸附率随着病毒浓度的增加而呈现出下降趋势;另外,pH值、金属阳离子浓度及有机物浓度均可显著影响病毒在活性污泥上的吸附.     

油桐尺蠖病毒杀虫剂的药效分析

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒（BsSNPV）是一种高致病力的病毒株,生物测定nPIB（LC50）=1．657×104mL．经过全国7个省20多个单位联合试验,生物统计结果表明：BsSNPV防治第1代油桐尺蠖虫口下降率为97．2％;防治第2代油桐尺蠖虫口下降宰为93．97％;F测验其t值为0．184,小于理论t0．05（29）＝2．045．优于敌百虫、DDVP、辛硫磷和BT等农药是一种杀虫效果稳定、使用安全、经济有效的生物杀虫剂．     

黄精多糖乳膏治疗单纯疱疹性豚鼠阴道炎的疗效研究

三种浓度(0．5％，1．5％，5％)的黄精多糖乳膏能明显治疗单纯疱疹病毒性豚鼠阴道炎，用药组豚鼠的外阴病变积分值显著低于模型对照组，这三种浓度的黄精多糖乳膏能治疗单纯疱疹病毒引发的豚鼠外阴红肿、溃破等病变，并能降低患病豚鼠的死亡率，其中以1．5％浓度乳膏的疗效相对较好．各浓度试验组黄精多糖乳膏并能显著降低感染HSV—2 Sav strain病毒的豚鼠阴道分泌物中病毒的毒力．临床预试验表明，1．5％黄精多糖乳膏与3％无环鸟苷乳膏疗效相近．图1表3参19     

Effects of Invasive Parasites on Bumble Bee Declines

Abstract: Bumble bees are a group of pollinators that are both ecologically and economically important and declining worldwide. Numerous mechanisms could be behind this decline, and the spread of parasites from commercial colonies into wild populations has been implicated recently in North America. Commercial breeding may lead to declines because commercial colonies may have high parasite loads, which can lead to colonization of native bumble bee populations; commercial rearing may allow higher parasite virulence to evolve; and global movement of commercial colonies may disrupt spatial patterns in local adaptation between hosts and parasites. We assessed parasite virulence, transmission mode, and infectivity. Microparasites and so‐called honey bee viruses may pose the greatest threat to native bumble bee populations because certain risk factors are present; for example, the probability of horizontal transmission of the trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi is high. The microsporidian parasite Nosema bombi may play a role in declines of bumble bees in the United States. Preliminary indications that C. bombi and the neogregarine Apicystis bombi may not be native in parts of South America. We suggest that the development of molecular screening protocols, thorough sanitation efforts, and cooperation among nongovernmental organizations, governments, and commercial breeders might immediately mitigate these threats.     

Summary of efficacy evaluations using aerially applied Gypchek® against gypsy moth in the U.S.A.

Abstract

Gypchek^®, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) nucleopolyhedrosis virus product, is manufactured by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service under controlled conditions in a laboratory strain of gypsy moth larvae. Gypchek was registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1978 as a general use pesticide to control gypsy moth. This product has been the subject of intense research and development targeted toward maximizing efficacy while minimizing the cost of production and application. The current Gypchek tank mix is applied at 1.25 × 10¹²occlusion bodies (OB's) per hectare for each of two applications (3‐days apart) at 18.7 litres/ha per application.     

紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统中病毒微生物的分布特征

为研究紫外氯胺组合消毒对供水系统中病毒微生物的影响特性,以生产规模紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统为研究对象,应用宏基因组技术对供水系统中病毒微生物的迁移变化、群落结构和病毒宿主进行了分析.结果表明,紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺能降低病毒物种数（6.13%）和基因丰度（51.97%）,但不能完全去除水中病毒微生物.对比美国环保署（USEPA）以培养法检测的水处理病毒去除率可达99%~99.99%,本研究利用宏基因组技术测得的总病毒去除率只有93.46%,以培养法检测水中病毒存在局限性.Caudovirales（有尾噬菌体目）是整个供水系统中最丰富病毒,对氯胺消毒都具有一定敏感性.Lentivirus（慢病毒属）作为能够感染人和脊椎动物的病毒,对紫外照射和氯胺消毒都具有强抵抗力.该供水系统中最大的病毒宿主是细菌（61.50%）.原水中病毒主要寄生在Synechococcus（聚球藻属）中;出厂水以及管网水中,优势病毒宿主均为Pseudomonas（假单胞菌属）;进入管网后,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（铜绿假单胞菌）宿主病毒基因丰度升高342.62%,应加强关注管网系统病毒微生物风险.紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺比单紫外消毒更有利于病毒宿主的去除（51.97%与0.79%）.     

象山港海洋病毒时空分布特征及其环境影响因素

分别于2007年的7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)与2008年的1月(冬季)、4月(春季)采集样品,研究了象山港海域的水样(表层海水和上覆水)中的浮游病毒及沉积物中的底层病毒丰度的时空分布特征,并采用主成分分析及多元逐步回归分析方法研究了影响浮游病毒丰度时空分布的主要因素,结果表明,调查期间象山港海域表层海水、上覆水及沉积物样品中浮游(底层)病毒丰度实测值的变化范围为6.48×104~1.01×108cells/mL,均值分别为1.55×107,1.03×108,1.13×108cells/mL.季节分布特征为秋季 > 夏季 > 春季 > 冬季.病毒丰度垂直分布表现为上覆水均大于表层海水;平面分布均为从港底到港口递减、养殖区高于非养殖区、电厂附近海域出现较高值的趋势.近岸人类活动的陆源污染及水产养殖污染是造成此空间分布特征的主要原因.溶解氧、水温及叶绿素a是制约表层海水浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素;营养盐含量及浮游细菌丰度是制约上覆水中浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素,沉积物中的病毒丰度与细菌丰度具有显著正相关性(P < 0.01).     

混合基质3D打印可见光催化系统对病毒气溶胶的去除

利用3D打印灵活可控的特点和复合材料混合打印的优势，将可见光响应的ZnO/g-C₃N₄催化剂掺入ABS塑料，利用3D打印制成催化剂均匀稳定分布的光催化系统，使用流体动力学仿真模拟对反应器结构进行优化设计，用于处理相对密闭的室内空间中的病毒气溶胶.结果表明，病毒气溶胶比细菌气溶胶具有更强的抗逆性，添加螺旋导流板可以显著提升反应器传质性能并有效改善系统光催化效果，以提高对病毒气溶胶的去除率.以商业LED灯为光源的螺旋式反应器对高浓度病毒气溶胶（MS2、PhiX174噬菌体）和细菌气溶胶（大肠杆菌）具有高效去除效果，在3.75min停留时间可以实现对气溶胶的完全去除.     

非稳态微生物污染物在建筑群内迁移的数值模拟

随着城市化进程的加快和城市中心人口密度的激增,微生物污染问题成为人们关注的热点.本文利用病毒群体动力学演化模型研究非稳态微生物污染的产生过程,并将模型结果作为非稳态污染源的源强引入污染物对流扩散方程.假设没有继发性感染,研究致病性微生物污染源对建筑群环境的影响,得到了建筑群表面及周围污染物浓度随时间的变化规律.假定致病感染浓度,得到了微生物污染源的影响范围,这为控制污染物扩散和建立致病微生物污染预警系统提供了理论指导.