Inventory and treatment of compost maturation emissions in a municipal solid waste treatment facility

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the compost maturation building in a municipal solid waste treatment facility were inventoried by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A large diversity of chemical classes and compounds were found. The highest concentrations were found for n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone and limonene (ppm_v level). Also, a range of compounds exceeded their odor threshold evidencing that treatment was needed. Performance of a chemical scrubber followed by two parallel biofilters packed with an advanced packing material and treating an average airflow of 99,300 m³ h^?1 was assessed in the treatment of the VOCs inventoried. Performance of the odor abatement system was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency by comparing inlet and outlet abundances. Outlet concentrations of selected VOCs permitted to identify critical odorants emitted to the atmosphere. In particular, limonene was found as the most critical VOC in the present study. Only six compounds from the odorant group were removed with efficiencies higher than 90%. Low removal efficiencies were found for most of the compounds present in the emission showing a significant relation with their chemical properties (functionality and solubility) and operational parameters (temperature, pH and inlet concentration). Interestingly, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol were found to be produced in the treatment system.     

Locating industrial VOC sources with aircraft observations

Observation and characterization of environmental pollution, focussing on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), in a high-risk industrial area, are particularly important in order to provide indications on a safe level of exposure, indicate eventual priorities and advise on policy interventions. The aim of this study is to use the Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) method to measure VOCs, directly coupled with atmospheric measurements taken on a small aircraft environmental platform, to evaluate and locate the presence of VOC emission sources in the Marghera industrial area. Lab analysis of collected SPME fibres and subsequent analysis of mass spectrum and chromatograms in Scan Mode allowed the detection of a wide range of VOCs. The combination of this information during the monitoring campaign allowed a model (Gaussian Plume) to be implemented that estimates the localization of emission sources on the ground.     

SPME-GC-MS联用快速检测赤潮海水中的有机物

本文用固相微萃取（ＳＰＭＥ）样品预处理技术，分离富集海水中的有机物，结合气相色谱－质谱（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）联用技术进行海水中有机物的快速检测，研究了赤潮发生时海水中有机物的种类及含量的变化规律，初步探讨了其变化原因，为研究赤潮的发生机理和赤潮预报提供了科学依据。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法测定黑臭河流中二甲基三硫醚

该研究在优化分析条件的基础上,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用方法测定了黑臭河流水体中二甲基三硫醚的含量。通过研究萃取头涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、水样体积和气相色谱进样口温度对二甲基三硫醚萃取效率的影响,得到了二甲基三硫醚最佳预处理和检测条件为:采用CAR-PDMS(75μm)萃取头,取20 mL待测水样在45℃恒温搅拌下顶空萃取30 min,进样口温度为250℃。采用优化后的方法对实际城市黑臭河流水样进行了检测,测得的二甲基三硫醚的浓度范围为5 853～8 939 ng/L。     

响应面法优化固相微萃取饮用水中的DBP

文章建立了直接浸入固相微萃取-气质联用测定饮用水中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)含量的方法。通过响应面法优化100-μm PDMS纤维萃取自来水中DBP的条件,以DBP的峰面积为指标,考察了萃取温度、萃取时间和解析时间三个主要因素对萃取效果的影响。经响应面优化的最佳SPME萃取条件如下:萃取温度53.17℃,萃取时间50.49 min,解析时间4.62 min。在优化条件下,DBP的理论最大峰面积为7.16×108,验证值为6.68×108,与理论值相差6.70%。结果表明,响应面法适用于饮用水中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯固相微萃取条件的优化,经优化得到的参数准确可靠。     

The application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

There are many established extraction techniques regularly used in the isolation and analysis of PAHs and similar organic compounds from various phases. These include Soxhlet or ultrasonic extractions from solids, and liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction from aqueous samples. However, these methods have some inherent disadvantages; most require large volumes of organic solvents, they can be time consuming and many involve multi-step processes that always present the risk of the loss of some analytes (Zhang et al., 1994). Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) is a relatively new technique that has been used with much success in the analysis of a variety of compounds including PAHs. Experiments are being carried out to determine the optimum range of conditions for the extraction of a range of PAHs. Parameters under investigation include temperature, equilibration time, salinity and compound concentration. Presented here are some preliminary experiments into the applicability of SPME for PAH analysis. Further work will investigate the reproducibility of the technique, limits of detection and matrix effects. When an optimised method has been developed the technique will be used in investigations into PAH profiles in sediment cores.     

广州某黑臭河涌沉积物中的挥发物质组分

在广州市城区内的猎德涌采集了3个采样点中0~10cm深的表层沉积物,通过DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取(SPME)纤维顶空富集,使用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对其挥发物进行检测分析。在猎德涌的沉积物中共检测出54种挥发物质,包括36种烷烃、2种环烷烃、1种烯烃、2种硫单体、13种带有发香基团的有机物。在3个采样点分别鉴定出19、49、52种挥发物。在下游河段沉积物中检测出的挥发物种类和峰面积都超过上游。由挥发物质的组成可以判断出其主要污染是来源于交通污染和居民的日常生活污染,其中有3种毒性较大的成分:万山麝香、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚。     

SPME-GC同时测定地表水环境质量标准特定项目中硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物

针对地表水特定项目有机物中硝基苯类和氯苯类的测定,采用固相微萃取(SPME)前处理技术,用毛细管色谱柱进行色谱分离,用ECD检测器进行测定。SPME富集效率达118~1352倍,检出限为0.00004~0.05μg/L,方法的线性相关系数为0.9963~0.9999,RSD为2.0%~11.0%,加标回收率为87.0%~108%,所有技术参数均可满足地表水环境质量标准。该方法简单、快捷、无污染且省时省力,具有较好的推广性。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱在水中有机污染物测定中的应用

固相微萃取技术是一种新型的无溶剂的样品前处理方法,集取样、萃取、富集、进样于一体,具有无溶剂、可直接进样、操作简便快捷、灵敏的特点。简述了固相微萃取技术原理,综述了SPME与GC联用在水中有机污染物测定中的应用。具体介绍了该技术在苯系物、酚类化合物、多环芳烃、有机氯化物及其它有机污染物分析中的应用,并提出了该技术的发展趋势及应用展望。     

C_8-SBA-15新型介孔涂层SPME-HPLC联用测定水样中的芘

以辛基键合SBA-15为固相微萃取（SPME）的吸附涂层,考察了吸附和解吸时间、萃取温度、搅拌速率对SPME效率的影响。该方法的线性范围为3.0—320μg/L,检出限为0.5μg/L,依据此方法测定了环境水样中芘,具有灵敏度高和精密度好的特点。