缺失烟囱参数估算及其应用对空气质量模拟结果的改进

针对源清单中部分点源烟囱参数缺失而采用源排放模型SMOKE(Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions)默认的烟囱参数对空气质量模型模拟结果造成的不利影响,综合考虑气象观测数据、空气质量监测数据、源排放强度以及相关标准和规范对烟囱设计的要求,分别基于最大落地浓度法和基于统计方法对2009年珠三角地区源清单中缺失烟囱参数点源的烟囱参数进行了估算,并将估算烟囱参数用在WRF/SMOKE-PRD/CMAQ空气质量模型系统分析其对模型模拟的改善情况.相比于采用SMOKE默认烟囱参数,基于最大落地浓度估算烟囱参数对NO2、NOx、SO2、PM10及O3的模拟结果均具有一定改善作用,而基于统计方法估算烟囱参数仅对SO2、O3的模拟结果有所提高.结果表明,使用基于最大落地浓度法估算得到的烟囱参数更为合理,使污染物的垂直排放分配更加合理,可以应用于空气质量模型输入源清单中缺失烟囱参数点源的估算,从而一定程度上改善空气质量模型的模拟效果.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

Investigation on the changes effected by tool profile on mechanical and tribological properties of friction stir processed AZ31B magnesium alloy

The present study investigates the effect of tool shoulder profile on the mechanical and tribological properties of friction stir processed AZ31B magnesium alloy. The tool rotational speed and feed rate are the chosen process parameters. The experiments were conducted with 3 level 2 factors full factorial design. The recorded responses were tensile strength, wear losses and corrosion rate. The results were analyzed with the help microstructures of the processed samples. The study reveals that, for concave shoulder tool, the strain hardening effect was playing a major role in determining the properties of the processed materials and for the step shoulder tool, the grain size plays a major role in determining the properties of the processed materials.     

污灌渠中有机氯农药对沿渠土壤的影响

为了研究污水灌渠侧渗对土壤的影响,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)方法对太原市小店污灌区9个剖面土和2个灌溉污水样进行有机氯化合物(OCPs)分析.结果表明退水渠中有机氯农药主要由六六六(HCHs)组成,滴滴涕(DDTs)及其它有机氯农药含量较低或未检出,在8个离渠较近剖面的地表土中ΣOCPs和HCHs含量一定程度上符合随垂直于渠的直线距离增加而逐步降低的趋势,表明污水渠侧渗对土壤存在着一定影响.8个剖面土壤中的HCHs含量随着深度的增加而降低,在水平方向上,同一深度土壤中的HCHs含量也沿远离渠的直线方向逐步递减.研究区土壤中HCHs含量与TOC之间存在较为显著的正相关性,而与pH之间不存在相关性.     

Stochastic Transfer Function Model and Neural Networks to Estimate Soil Moisture1

Abstract: A practical methodology is proposed to estimate the three‐dimensional variability of soil moisture based on a stochastic transfer function model, which is an approximation of the Richard’s equation. Satellite, radar and in situ observations are the major sources of information to develop a model that represents the dynamic water content in the soil. The soil‐moisture observations were collected from 17 stations located in Puerto Rico (PR), and a sequential quadratic programming algorithm was used to estimate the parameters of the transfer function (TF) at each station. Soil texture information, terrain elevation, vegetation index, surface temperature, and accumulated rainfall for every grid cell were input into a self‐organized artificial neural network to identify similarities on terrain spatial variability and to determine the TF that best resembles the properties of a particular grid point. Soil moisture observed at 20 cm depth, soil texture, and cumulative rainfall were also used to train a feedforward artificial neural network to estimate soil moisture at 5, 10, 50, and 100 cm depth. A validation procedure was implemented to measure the horizontal and vertical estimation accuracy of soil moisture. Validation results from spatial and temporal variation of volumetric water content (vwc) showed that the proposed algorithm estimated soil moisture with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.31% vwc, and the vertical profile shows a RMSE of 2.50% vwc. The algorithm estimates soil moisture in an hourly basis at 1 km spatial resolution, and up to 1 m depth, and was successfully applied under PR climate conditions.     

PM2.5与O3协同控制视角下深圳市工业VOCs源谱特征

选取深圳8类典型工业行业开展VOCs样品采集,检测分析了100种VOCs组分,从PM_2.5和O₃协同控制的角度分析了不同污染源的成分谱特征和对环境的影响.结果表明：加油站源谱组成以烷烃（48.4%）占主导,OVOCs （27.6%）占比突出,乙酸乙酯（14.1%）、异戊烷（13.0%）、正戊烷（12.0%）为其优势排放物种;涂料制造、胶黏剂生产、油墨制造、化工制品、纺织印染、医药制造行业排放组成均以OVOCs （42.3%~97.1%）占主导,丙酮为大多数行业的优势物种,且乙腈在部分行业中占比突出.垃圾发电行业以OVOCs （33.9%）和卤代烃（28.3%）占主导,乙醛（13.4%）、丙酮（11.0%）、一氯甲烷（6.1%）为该行业排放的优势物种.以PM_2.5和O₃协同控制为导向,芳香烃和烯烃是储存运输源需要控制的重点;OVOCs和芳香烃都应成为工艺过程源和废弃物处理源控制的关键.涂料制造行业的源反应活性SR_O3和SR_SOA值分别为6.0g/g和1.2g/g,削减单位质量排放的VOCs所减少的PM_2.5和O₃生成潜势最多,应成为深圳市PM_2.5和O₃协同控制下的优先控制行业.     

一种基于综合环境剖面的导弹弹上设备加速贮存试验方法

目的 基于导弹武器在历经地面使用载荷后,还要满足飞行载荷的特点,讨论用于评估导弹弹上设备贮存期的加速贮存试验流程与方法。方法 开展加速因子试验,获得加速因子计算公式,根据实际使用环境载荷,制定综合环境试验剖面,按照贮存期目标值开展加速贮存试验,等效地面使用环境载荷,开展飞行环境载荷考核试验,试验成功后,给出贮存期评估结论。结果 该方法在多型导弹贮存延寿工程的弹上设备贮存期评估中得到应用,应用表明,可以评估导弹弹上设备的贮存期,具有工程应用价值。结论 获得加速因子计算公式后,将导弹弹上设备的地面使用环境载荷累计影响与能够经受飞行载荷环境分步进行试验,能够体现导弹弹上设备历经的环境载荷,可以用于弹上设备的贮存期评估。     

锌冶炼废渣重金属在地块土壤中的垂向迁移特征及归趋

为探讨冶炼废渣中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,开展了90 d持续和间歇淋溶下锌挥发窑渣浸出液中重金属在场地剖面土柱的迁移模拟实验,分析淋出液Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn浓度及其在土壤剖面的累积、赋存形态和粒径分布特征,并探讨重金属在土壤剖面滞留机制.结果表明,土柱淋出液重金属浓度在淋溶初期达到峰值后迅速降低,Cd浓度超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅳ类水质限值(0.1 mg·L^-1),地下水存在Cd污染风险.剖面土壤对废渣中重金属固持量大,Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn主要累积在浅层土壤(0～10 cm),分别为淋溶前土壤的237～429、 1.25～16.2、 1.38～2.31和1.79～3.17倍;持续淋溶下废渣重金属较间歇淋溶的迁移距离较长,Cd在土柱深层有明显累积.土壤粗颗粒(0.5～2.0 mm)对Cd、 Cu和Zn累积总量的贡献率较大,而Pb更易累积在<0.25 mm粒径.BCR顺序提取结果显示,浅层土壤累积的Cd、 Cu和Zn主要以弱酸提取态为主,占比分别高达62.4%～76.7%、 72.0%～95.8%和67.6%～8...     

厦门某旱地土壤垂直剖面中重金属迁移规律及来源解析

采用ICP-MS和TIMS分析测定厦门市农业区某旱地土壤垂直剖面中8种重金属元素(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr和Pb)含量及铅锶同位素组成,重点分析土壤剖面金属的纵向分层和淋失迁移特征.结果表明,除Sr外,其余重金属在大部分剖面深度中均未超过背景值,表明受外来源的影响较小. Sr在整个剖面的迁移系数均大于0,表明存在不同程度的富集; Zn和Co在近地表处富集; Cr、Ni和Cu在整个剖面中以亏损为主; V和Pb受外来活动的干扰小.淋洗迁移特征分析表明,Sr和Pb淋洗下移较活跃,其下移深度较大,但Pb下移深度低于Sr下移深度.因子分析表明,重金属主要为自然因子的输入,其次为农业活动和交通运输等复杂人为活动的输入.富集因子分析表明,Sr受外源不同程度影响.铅锶同位素组成分析表明,垂直剖面土壤中Pb主要来源于母质层,而Sr除来源于母质层外,还受到复杂人为源的影响,并已有向底层(30～70 cm)迁移的趋势.     

内蒙古典型草原季节性冻土区土壤剖面CO2、N2O特征

为了评估放牧对内蒙古典型草原季节性冻土区温室气体产生机制的影响,通过气体原位采集系统对该区土壤剖面不同土层N_2O、CO_2浓度动态变化进行了为期1a的田间原位监测.共设3个处理:1979年以来规划的禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来规划的禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG)小区.结果表明:土壤剖面N_2O、CO_2浓度具有明显的时空分布特征:(1)3个处理不同时期土壤剖面CO_2平均浓度均表现为:生长期冻融期冻结期,且生长期CO_2浓度要远大于冻融期和冻结期;UG79土壤剖面CO_2浓度最高,CG最低;不同土层间CO_2浓度有所差异,具体表现为UG79、UG99:20 cm≥50 cm≥35 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;CG:50 cm≥35 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;(2)土壤剖面N_2O浓度时空变化特征则与CO_2不同,UG79、UG99呈现出"单峰型"变化规律,CG为"双峰型"变化规律,即虽然CG在生长期N_2O也有微弱的释放,但3个处理土壤剖面N_2O浓度均在土壤冻融期内急剧增加,其中CG处理土壤剖面N_2O平均浓度最高,与UG79、UG99差异显著(P0.05);不同土层土壤剖面N_2O浓度表现为UG79:20 cm≥50 cm≥35 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;CG:50 cm≥35 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;UG99:35 cm≥50 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm.研究得出放牧可以使该区土壤剖面CO_2浓度降低、N_2O浓度升高,这为我国草原季节性冻土区温室气体的准确评估提供了重要的理论支持.