Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of different regions in China

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in fourteen ambient air samples collected in twelve cities of five provinces and one large municipality in China. The PCDD/F concentrations varied from 2.6 to 120 pg m⁻³ (or from 0.04 to 1.93 pg I-TEQ m⁻³). Generally, TCDF was the dominant homologue group and as a rule the homologue concentration of PCDF decreased with rising chlorine substitution number of PCDF. In all cases 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the most important contributor to the I-TEQ value, accounting for 35–57% of the total I-TEQ value. Higher PCDD/F levels in ambient air were found during winter. The highest PCDD/F levels were found in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. In general, the PCDD/F levels in this study were in the same range as in other studies in China.     

Influence of ciprofloxacin on the microbial catabolic diversity in soil

In this study, the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on the catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities was evaluated. Soil samples were spiked with ciprofloxacin (0, 1, 5 and 50 mg?kg^?1) and were incubated for 1, 3, 9, 22 and 40 days. Untreated controls received only water. The functional diversity of the microbial community studied was characterized using a catabolic response profile (CRP). Six substrate groups were tested: carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, aromatic chemicals, alcohols and polymers. After 40 days, the CIP concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 25% to 58% of the initial concentrations. Soil respiratory responses to the individual substrates D-glucose, lactose, D-mannose, L-glutamic, Na-citrate, malic acid and inosine were inhibited at the high CIP concentrations (5 and 50 mg·kg^?1) in the soils and were increased at the lowest CIP concentration (1 mg·kg^?1). Soil respiration was inhibited at all of the CIP concentrations after the addition of D-galactose and glycerol. The CIP concentration and incubation time explained 45.3% of the variance of the catabolic responses. The CRP analysis clearly discriminated among the different CIP concentrations. The results suggest that CIP strongly affects the catabolic diversities of soil microbial communities and that its effect is more significant than that of incubation time.     

颗粒物激光雷达在大气复合污染立体监测中的应用

针对由于局地污染、沙尘输入、外源性输入与局地污染物相互叠加所导致的3种灰霾污染发生过程,分别选取3个典型案例,采用颗粒物激光雷达对污染物的时空分布特征进行解析。研究发现,在局地污染发生时,污染物从地面开始垂直向上扩散,扩散高度约1 km。重度污染过程中,气溶胶的日均垂直消光系数随高度的变化背离指数衰减特征,800 m高度处出现消光系数的极大值层,极大值超过2.5 km-1,800 m以下消光系数近乎常数,约为0.3 km-1。这说明,重污染过程中,有一层较厚重的颗粒物分布,使近地面污染物在垂直方向的扩散能力减弱,形成积累效应,造成大面积空气混浊。当有外源性沙尘输入时,激光雷达能够清晰地监测到污染团输入的全过程。沙团突然出现在高空2~3 km。污染团退偏振度较大,超过0.3。随着沙尘粒子的重力沉降,沙团的轮廓在垂直方向上不断地增大。沙团的输入,导致近地面粗颗粒质量浓度的增加幅度明显大于细颗粒。在第3个案例中,激光雷达清晰地监测到高空1.8~3 km突然出现含有大量球形细颗粒的污染团,同时还发现此污染团与近地面的污染物有不同的演化特征。近地面污染物随时间垂直向上扩散,12:00左右扩散高度超过1.8 km。而高空的污染团逐渐沉降进入边界层内,与近地面扩散的污染物相互混合,共同导致本地的灰霾天气。综上所述,激光雷达可以清晰地捕获污染物的垂直结构特征,对不同的致霾过程进行立体解析,实现对大气复合污染的监测和机理研判。     

不同排放标准下机动车挥发性有机化合物排放特征趋势研究

针对机动车挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征研究中缺乏含氧VOCs（OVOCs）覆盖、缺乏最新国VI排放标准特征识别等问题,本研究选取了涵盖国I~国VI不同排放标准的轻型汽油车和国Ⅲ~国Ⅴ柴油车为研究对象进行底盘测功机测试,采用SUMMA罐和DNPH管采样相结合的方法,探究了不同排放标准下机动车尾气中VOCs排放特征的变化趋势及启动方式对VOCs排放特征的影响.结果表明,不同排放标准的轻型汽油车尾气组成呈现较大差异.随着排放标准的升级,烷烃、烯炔烃和芳香烃的质量比例逐渐减少,OVOCs逐渐增加,国Ⅰ~国IV轻型汽油车排放以烷烃和芳香烃为主,国V~国Ⅵ轻型汽油车排放以OVOCs为主.国VI轻型汽油车中OVOCs占比高达58.0%,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮合计占47.3%.不同排放标准的柴油车尾气中VOCs均以OVOCs和烯炔烃为主,占79.0%~83.0%.此外,冷启动是机动车尾气VOCs排放的主要阶段,此阶段的VOCs排放因子显著高于热启动,但随着排放标准升级,柴油车在启动阶段的VOCs排放降幅仅有约40%,显著小于全工况排放降幅（77.5%）,表明柴油车启动过程对VOCs排放贡献随排放标准升级逐步加大.本研究凸显了在我国机动车排放标准不断升级的背景下VOCs排放的重要性,需要在制定机动车VOCs排放控制策略中重点关注柴油车尾气中烯炔烃和汽油车尾气中OVOCs减排.     

Carbofuran degradation in soil profiles

Abstract

Two soils, Puyallup fine sandy loam from Puyallup, WA, and Ellzey fine sand from Hastings, FL, each with a prior history of carbofiiran exposure but with different pedological and climatological characteristics, were found to exhibit enhanced degradation toward carbofiiran in surface and subsurface soil layers. The treated Puyallup and Ellzey soils exhibited higher mineralization rates for both the carbonyl and the aromatic ring of carbofiiran when compared to untreated soils. Disappearance rates of [¹⁴C‐URL (uniformly ring labeled)] carbofiiran in the treated Ellzey soil was faster than in untreated soil, and also faster in surface soil than in subsurface soil. Initial degradation patterns in the treated Ellzey soil were also different from those in the untreated soil. The treated Ellzey soil degraded carbofuran mainly through biological hydrolysis, while untreated soil degraded carbofuran through both oxidative and hydrolytic processes.     

Analysis of acylcarnitines in maternal urine for prenatal diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type 2

The urinary acylcarnitine profiles of two mothers whose first children were diagnosed to have glutaric aciduria type 2 (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency, electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency) were analysed in the second pregnancy. Large volumes of tigrylcarnitine and isovalerylcarnitine and a little glutarylcarnitine were detected. Each fetus was also diagnosed to be abnormal by enzyme activity and immunoassay of ETF protein. The acylcarnitines in the mothers' urine disappeared in 1 week after labour or artificial abortion. Acylcarnitines were never detected in the urine of controls.     

River use profile of the Central Niger Delta based on traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK)

The Central Niger Delta is made up of a network of rivers and creeks that constitute the inland surface waters. These surface waters have historically influenced settlement patterns and are of diverse use to residents of the Central Niger Delta. Surface water like many ecological system are complex, whose complexity has been associated with seasonal variability. Traditional knowledge (TK), traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and the traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK) of residents of four rural communities in the Central Niger Delta have been explored in developing a river use profile of rural communities of the Central Niger Delta. A questionnaire survey has been carried out in four communities, two each from the Otuoke and Kolo Creeks. The result shows that river use varies across seasons and affected by: physico-chemical water quality and characteristics of surface water; the hydrological characteristics; the biological/ecological characteristics; cultural use and demand; need for development projects; and access to this vital resource. Fishing constitute one of the major livelihood source in the Central Niger Delta and the TELK of fishers in the sample communities have specifically been explored to understanding fishing patterns across seasons. The five seasons identified from this study are: flood season; flood recession season; dry season; early rainy season; and rainy season. Therefore, the thesis of this paper is that there is the need to balance the current usage of surface water in the developing world such as the Central Niger Delta with the demand for development as well as future use if development is to meet the criteria for equitable development. The river use profile could be a promising tool in planning for equitable development.

复垦矿区土壤有机碳和微生物活性变化及其解析

以适当比例混合煤矸石、粉煤灰和活性污泥并种植黑麦草构建植物-矿区复合基质体系,测试复合基质有机碳及酶活性变化,利用群落水平生理结构(CLPP)对复合基质微生物功能多样性进行解析,分析了矿区复合基质中有机碳动态变化及其与酶活性、微生物多样性关系。结果表明:植物-矿区复合基质体系3种基质中有机碳随复垦年限增长而增加,且在第3年煤矸石+粉煤灰+污泥(F+G+S)区有机碳达到最大,分别是煤矸石+粉煤灰(F+G)区和对照区的1.1和1.2倍。3个复垦区域复合基质中蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶酶活性随复垦时间增长而增加。微生物多样性CLPP解析结果表明,微生物种类在复垦1年时最多,微生物优势度和均一性随复垦时间逐渐变大;同时3个区域基质微生物多样性与营养元素相关性不大,可能有机碳可获得性低成为微生物生长的限制因子。     

可靠性鉴定试验受试样品的软硬件联合测试技术

为了研究一种可靠性鉴定试验中受试样品的软硬件联合测试方法,首先总结了软硬件联合测试的目的、对象、实施时机及传统测试需要的改进之处和可借鉴之处,进一步研究了软硬件联合测试与传统可靠性试验的关系。然后在考查软件与硬件测试结合的基础上,提出了两层结构立体测试运行剖面的方法,即利用子剖面与环境剖面的对应关系建立软件测试与硬件测试的联系,将两种测试统一在同一时间轴上,得出了软硬件联合测试的一般流程。