Chemometric characterization of soil and plant pollution: Part 1: Multivariate data analysis and geostatistical determination of relationship and spatial structure of inorganic contaminants in soil

Geostatistical and multivariate methods of data analysis are used to describe patterns of soil pollution with inorganic contaminants in Celje County, Slovenia. Groups of contaminants and polluted sites were identified using cluster analysis and confirmed with multidimensional variance and discriminant analysis. Factor analysis yields an identification of not directly observable relationships between the contaminants. The spatial structure and distribution of contaminants were assessed by applying semivariogram analysis and kriging interpolation method. Zinc, Cd and Cu were identified as a pollutant emitted from the zinc smelter, Pb also from other sources, and Cr and Ni mostly from geological parent material.     

Assessment of a Smelter Impact Area Using Surface Soils and Plants

The concentrations of 37 trace elements (Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Ga, Gd, Ge, La, Li, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr) were determined by ICP-MS in surface soils and plants (Sida rhombifolia) sampled around a lead smelter in Lastenia, Province of Tucuman, NW Argentina. Soil and plant patterns of Pb, Cd, Ag, Zn and Cu demonstrate the effects of pollutant dispersion plumes following the prevalent wind directions. The high element concentrations observed, especially Pb (>5,000 mg/kg), could cause serious environmental problems in areas of close proximity to the smelter. Consequently, measures to assess potential consequences for the local population should be considered to determine if measures to protect the environment are necessary.     

A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula

Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the Pechenganickel smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.     

铝电解槽大修渣的无害化处理

从多个方面分析了电解槽大修渣的危害性,对大修渣进行了分类,总结了大修渣中阴极碳块的利用途径,在作最终处理时,将石灰渣与大修渣混合堆存,可有效防止废渣中可溶性氟随雨水向下渗透,减轻对土地及地下水的污染,复土后的渣场可还林(耕),实现大修渣无害化堆存。     

独山锑冶炼厂周边土壤锑砷空间分布特征、污染评价及健康风险评估

以贵州省独山县某锑矿冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,按照辐射布点取样的原则,布设45个采样点,共采集0~30 cm的土壤样品135件.基于GIS空间分析、内梅罗指数及人群健康风险评价等研究方法,分析了地形和风向对锑（Sb）在土壤中分布的影响,并对Sb和As在该区域土壤中的含量、空间分布、污染水平及人体健康风险进行了探究与评估.结果表明,Sb在新、老两厂周边不同深度（0~10、10~20、20~30 cm）土壤中的含量平均值分别是贵州省背景值的11.90、9.24、4.32和8.13、8.06、4.88倍,且随深度增加呈明显降低的垂直分布特征,其在20~30 cm深度土壤中的含量接近贵州省土壤背景值.而As在不同深度土壤中的含量变化不明显,总体平均值在贵州省土壤背景值的1.39~1.62倍之间.老冶炼厂周边土壤中Sb有效态含量占比均高于新厂区,且随土壤深度的增加而增加,而As在各层位土壤中均以残渣态为主,其含量占比高达80%以上.Sb在新、老冶炼厂周边土壤中的分布受到地形和主导风向影响,在烟囱周边300 m范围内土壤中Sb含量最高,随距离增加呈现缓慢降低特征;同时,土壤中Sb含量随海拔的增加而降低.从土壤污染的空间分布上看,老冶炼厂东北面土壤尚属清洁,其余区域达到轻微污染水平.人体健康风险评价结果显示,冶炼厂周边土壤中As的致癌风险不明显,As和Sb对成人与儿童的非致癌健康风险均较小.     

广西河池铅锑矿冶炼区土壤中锑等重金属的分布特征及影响因素分析

对广西河池铅锑矿冶炼区土壤重金属污染特征进行了研究。结果表明:冶炼区土壤受到较高含量的Sb、Pb污染,As、Zn和Cu也有一定程度的污染。土壤中的w(Sb)和W(As)分别为155～30439mg/kg和27～17611mg/kg。冶炼区土壤中的重金属元素的含量与距离冶炼厂的距离有密切关系,不同重金属的衰减呈现不同的特点。研究区内三种不同类型土壤中的重金属元素呈现不同的分布特征:三种不同土壤类型Pb、As、Cu、Sb的含量关系为:水稻田>菜地>荒地。元素相关性分析表明Sb、Pb、As、Cu、Cd为密切相关的一组元素,可判定它们都与冶炼厂排放密切相关。     

大型冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及其生态效应

对湖北某大型冶炼厂周边的土壤-水-水体底泥-农作物体系进行了系统研究.结果表明,水稻土中重金属含量普遍高于旱地土,均表现为耕作层显著地高于深层.其中,Cd含量为国标三级土壤阈值的8～26倍.Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn在大多数样品中不超标,但远高于对照区.耕作层中重金属的可还原态、可氧化态、残渣态分量之和大大高于弱酸提取态,而可还原态和可氧化态分量之和则远高于残渣态.深层的弱酸提取态含量远高于其余3态之和,与已有的研究结果不同.该区域生长的蔬菜呈现Cd、Pb复合污染,糙米中Cd含量超标.作物的重金属污染与元素的形态分布密切相关,其中弱酸提取态分量愈高,作物愈易受污染.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属健康风险评估

为探明铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染程度及人体健康风险,在云南省某铅锌冶炼厂周边农田采集56个表层土壤(0～20 cm),分析了土壤中pH和重金属Pb、 Cd、 Zn、 As、 Cu和Hg的含量,对土壤重金属含量的污染程度、生态风险和概率健康风险进行了研究.结果表明,研究区土壤中ω(Pb)、ω(Cd)、ω(Zn)、ω(As)、ω(Cu)和ω(Hg)的平均值分别为4 413.93、 6.89、 1 672.76、 44.45、 47.61和0.21 mg·kg^-1,均超过云南省土壤背景值.Cd的地累积指数(I_geo)平均值为0.24,单因子污染指数(P_i)平均值为30.42,潜在生态风险指数(E_r)平均值为1 312.60,是研究区污染最重以及生态风险最高的重金属.蒙特卡罗概率健康风险结果显示,成人和儿童的非致癌风险指数(HI)分别为2.42E-01和9.36E-01,儿童的非致癌风险超过控制值的比例为36.63%;成人和儿童的致癌风险指数(TCR)分别为6.98E-05和5.93E-04,儿童的致癌风...     

Spatial Variability and Monitoring of Pb Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry

In this study, the relationship between some physico-chemical properties of soils and lead contamination in soil due to emission from industrial operations in Samsun province of Turkey was investigated. The extent of timely contamination was studied by comparing the obtained results with the results of the study conducted in the same region in 1998. An area of 225 km² (15 km × 15 km), which was divided into 1000 × 1000 m grid squares (16 lines in the east and south directions), was selected within the industrial area. The total of 256 grid points was obtained and soil samples were collected from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm) of each grid center in 2004. The total Pb concentrations of soil samples were determined as 65.84–527.04 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5 cm in depth, 58.50 – 399.54 μg g⁻¹ at 5–15 cm in depth, and 44.65–330.07 μg g⁻¹ at 15–30 cm in depth. DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations of soils were found to be in the range of 1.52–9.03 μg g⁻¹, 0.54–7.09 μg g⁻¹, 0.19–6.13 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths, respectively. There were significant relationships between both total or DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations and selected physico-chemical properties of soil. According to enrichment factor (EF) values calculated from the total Pb concentrations, 11.3% of the study area (225 km²) was enriched with Pb in high level, but 77% of the area was in significant enrichment level with Pb. The average total and DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations increased as 11 and 13%, respectively in comparison with the results of 1998.     

铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染空间分布特征及风险评估

以焦作某铅锌冶炼厂为例,采用网格布点法在冶炼厂周围64 km2范围内采集表层农田土壤样品135个.在实验室测定了土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、V、Co)含量,利用Arcgis 10.1进行克里格插值分析研究区域农田土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,并利用富集因子法、潜在生态风险以及健康风险模型对研究区域农田土壤中重金属污染状况及潜在风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区域农田土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn的平均值均高于河南省A层土壤元素背景值,Cd的平均值为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的2.8倍;研究区域内总体污染分布呈西高东低,中部冶炼厂附近为Pb、Cd重度污染区,在3 km范围内距离工厂越近污染越严重.在研究区域内,Cd为重度污染,部分样点Pb、Cu、Zn污染较严重,Cr、Co为轻度污染,Ni和V几乎不受工厂影响.风险评估结果显示,研究区域内Cd存在严重的潜在生态风险和健康风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,Cr存在较严重的致癌风险.