Transport of bacterial cell (E. coli) from different recharge water resources in porous media during simulated artificial groundwater recharge

• The recharge pond dwelling process induced changes in cell properties. • Cell properties and solution chemistry exerted confounding effect on cell transport. • E. coli cells within different recharge water displayed different spreading risks. Commonly used recharge water resources for artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) such as secondary effluent (SE), river water and rainfall, are all oligotrophic, with low ionic strengths and different cationic compositions. The dwelling process in recharge pond imposed physiologic stress on Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells, in all three types of investigated recharge water resources and the cultivation of E. coli under varying recharge water conditions, induced changes in cell properties. During adaptation to the recharge water environment, the zeta potential of cells became more negative, the hydrodynamic diameters, extracellular polymeric substances content and surface hydrophobicity decreased, while the cellular outer membrane protein profiles became more diverse. The mobility of cells altered in accordance with changes in these cell properties. The E. coli cells in rainfall recharge water displayed the highest mobility (least retention), followed by cells in river water and finally SE cells, which had the lowest mobility. Simulated column experiments and quantitative modeling confirmed that the cellular properties, driven by the physiologic state of cells in different recharge water matrices and the solution chemistry, exerted synergistic effects on cell transport behavior. The findings of this study contribute to an improved understanding of E. coli transport in actual AGR scenarios and prediction of spreading risk in different recharge water sources.     

Ag4HPMo10V2O40催化剂对PAEs类的催化降解实验

邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）作为水中常见的环境激素对人类以及水中生物具有一定的危害,被各国列为"优先控制污染物"。基于此,设计合成出系列多金属氧酸盐（POMs）材料Ag_xH_5-xPMo₁₀V₂O₄₀,x=1~5,并采用湿法过氧化氢氧化法实现对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）的高效氧化降解。该体系中,反应20 min DEP降解率可达到91.0%,TOC和COD去除率分别达到70.2%和81.1%,降解产物为低毒的乳酸、CO₂和H₂O等。实验过程中,催化剂具有较高的活性、稳定性及循环使用性,且表现出较高的底物适应性以及微量底物的去除性。     

Tracking Cryptosporidium in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence,species and infectivity

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons. • The overall removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium in WWTPs was over 84%. • The infectivity rate declined below 53% in effluents mainly due to disinfection. • The infectivity of Cryptosporidium increased with a seasonal drop in temperature. • Low temperature promotes binding protein retention and virulence genes expression. This study investigated the occurrence, species, infectivity and removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. across typical wastewater treatment train. Samples from different process units were collected seasonally and synchronously from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Northeastern China. Live Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in most samples from both influent (97.50%) and effluent (90.00%) wastewaters of the four WWTPs, at an average density of 26.34 and 4.15 oocysts/L, respectively. The overall removal efficiency was 84.25%, and oocysts were mainly removed (62.01%) by the modified secondary sedimentation process. Ten Cryptosporidium species were identified in the effluent samples. C. andersoni, C. bovis, and C. ryanae were the three most prevalent species. Oocyst viability assays indicated no reduction of excystation rate during the primary and secondary wastewater treatments (varied in the range of 63.08%–68.50%), but the excystation rate declined to 52.21% in the effluent after disinfection. Notably, the Cryptosporidium oocysts showed higher infection intensity in the cold season (winter and spring) than that in summer and autumn. The influences of environmental temperature on virulence factors of Cryptosporidium were further examined. It was observed that more extracellular secretory proteins were bound on the oocyst surface and several virulence genes were expressed relatively strongly at low temperatures, both of which could facilitate oocyst adhesion, invasion, and host immune evasion. This research is of considerable interest since it serves as an important step towards more accurate panoramic recognition of Cryptosporidium risk reduction in WWTPs, and especially highlights the potential health risk associated with Cryptosporidium in cold regions/seasons.     

Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading

● The performance and costs of 20 municipal WWTPs were analyzed. ● Effluent COD and NH₄⁺-N effluent exceed the limits more frequently in winter. ● Nitrification and refractory pollutant removal are limited at low temperatures. ● To meet the national standards, electricity cost must increase by > 42% in winter. ● Anammox, granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification are promising technologies. Climate affects the natural landscape, the economic productivity of societies, and the lifestyles of its inhabitants. It also influences municipal wastewater treatment. Biological processes are widely employed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the prolonged cold conditions brought by the winter months each year pose obstacles to meeting the national standards in relatively cold regions. Therefore, both a systematic analysis of existing technical bottlenecks as well as promising novel technologies are urgently needed for these cold regions. Taking North-east China as a case, this review studied and analyzed the main challenges affecting 20 municipal WWTPs. Moreover, we outlined the currently employed strategies and research issues pertaining to low temperature conditions. Low temperatures have been found to reduce the metabolism of microbes by 58% or more, thereby leading to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₄⁺-N levels that have frequently exceeded the national standard during the winter months. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix tends to lead to activated sludge bulking issues. Widely employed strategies to combat these issues include increasing the aeration intensity, reflux volume, and flocculant addition; however, these strategies increase electricity consumption by > 42% in the winter months. Internationally, the processes of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification have become the focus of research for overcoming low temperature. These have inspired us to review and propose directions for the further development of novel technologies suitable for cold regions, thereby overcoming the issues inherent in traditional processes that have failed to meet the presently reformed WWTP requirements.     

多尺度视角下的吉林省城市化地域格局研究

结合吉林省的案例,运用多元统计分析、引力模型、Kernel密度分析方法,从城市化地域综合发展水平、城市间相互作用网络、城市集聚区空间组织形态三个尺度探讨吉林省城市化地域格局问题。研究表明:①整个吉林省城市化空间呈现出较强的单极化发育特点。②受经济地域空间发育水平影响,中部地区城市化的空间发育水平高于东部地区,东部地区高于西部地区;产业结构发育水平较低和职能结构单一的城市,其城市化空间发育水平较低。③吉林省城镇体系集群化发育特征明显,形成了"一群三组群"的地域空间组织格局,省域城市空间分布具有"中东部偏密集、东西部较稀疏"的格局特征。     

Effects of Al3+ on the microstructure and bioflocculation of anoxic sludge

The aluminum ions generated from mining aluminum,electrolytic aluminum and the industrial production of aluminum-based coagulants(such as AlCl_3 and Al_2(SO_4)_3) enter sewage treatment plants and interact with activated sludges.An anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A~2 O) process was used to reveal the effects of Al~(3+) on the pollutant removal efficiencies,bioflocculation and the micro structure of sludge.The results showed that a low concentration of Al~(3+) improved the pollutant removal efficiencies and increased the sludge particle size.However,a high concentration of Al~(3+) hindered microbial flocculation and reduced the pollutant removal efficiencies.With a 10 mg/L Al~(3+) addition,the chemical oxygen demand(COD),total nitrogen(TN) and NH_4~+-N increased by 3%,16% and 27%,and reached as high as 68%,60% and 87%,respectively.At the same time,the dehydrogenase activity,flocculation ability(FA) and contact angle of the sludge reached their maximum levels at 41.3 mg/L/hr,45% and 79.63°,respectively.The specific surface area of the sludge decreased to 7.084 m2/g and the sludge pore size distribution shifted to concentrate in the me soporous range.Most of Al~(3+) was adsorbed on the surface of sludge,changing the physicochemical properties and physical structure of the sludge.     

花状二维铜基卟啉气凝胶制备与气体吸附与分离性能研究

本研究针对混合气体选择性分离和二氧化碳捕获等问题,在小分子聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和三氟乙酸的作用下控制纵向生长,通过金属铜离子与卟啉配体的自组装形成花状二维金属有机框架材料（2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP）,进一步冷冻干燥获得低密度纯2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP气凝胶.元素含量分析显示,2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP可以充分暴露金属活性位点,克服传统三维纳米材料内部位点难以被利用的缺点;比表面积（BET）分析显示,2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP比表面积为321.92 m²·g^-1,主要孔道尺寸分布在1.8 nm左右.由于充分暴露出金属活性位点Cu-O-Cu,对CO₂、N₂和CH₄表现出优异的吸附分离性能.根据Langmuir吸附等温线拟合得到,CO₂、CH₄和N₂的最大吸附量分别为7.357、2.852、2.002 mmol·g^-1.CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄和CH₄/N₂的最大分离系数分别为9.86、2.52和4.00.2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP在碳捕获、混合气体选择性分离中具有较好的应用前景.     

不同C/P下AOA-SBR工艺磷形态转化规律及污泥特性

采用5组厌氧/好氧/缺氧(AOA)模式运行的SBR反应器, 考察不同C/P(120, 40, 24, 17, 13)下AOA-SBR系统磷形态转化规律及污泥特性.结果表明, 5组反应器的COD、TN、NH₄⁺-N去除效果均优于一级A标准.随着C/P的降低, 系统TP去除量逐渐提高.C/P小于24时, TP的去除效果开始变差且波动剧烈, 在C/P为40时系统TP去除效果最稳定, 平均去除率为99.22%.磷形态结果表明, 随着C/P的降低, 污泥中各项磷形态含量均有所升高.IP是TP最主要的磷形态, 不同C/P下IP占TP的含量相近(约96%).随着C/P的降低, NAIP、AP占污泥TP的含量与IP都呈先上升后下降的趋势, 而OP占污泥TP的含量保持下降趋势.生物有效磷(NAIP与OP之和)对污水除磷效果影响最大, C/P为40的系统中污泥中生物有效磷占比最高, 污水TP去除效果最好.污泥MLSS与SVI值随着C/P的降低而增大, C/P较低的系统有发生污泥膨胀的风险.高通量测序表明, 随着C/P的降低, 除Dechloromonas外, PAOs与DPB含量均有所下降, 污水TP去除效果较差且波动较大.     

氮沉降对臭氧胁迫下青杨光合特性和生物量的影响

基于开顶式气室臭氧(O_3)熏蒸装置,研究了人工模拟氮沉降对O_3胁迫下青杨光合特性的影响.结果表明,随着O_3浓度的升高,净光合速率(P_n)、电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(F'_v/F'_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)显著降低,胞间CO_2浓度(c_i)显著升高,但气孔导度(G_s)变化不显著,生长季末期生物量也显著下降.而氮沉降在一定程度上提高了青杨的光合能力以及生物量.与单一O_3、氮沉降相比,两者交互作用并未显著影响植物光合特性.该研究结果为应对全球变化背景下青杨的防护提供科学依据.