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41.
Dakpo K. Hervé Jeanneaux Philippe Latruffe Laure 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2019,24(6):625-639
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to compute technical efficiency indices that account for bad outputs. The literature is, however,... 相似文献
42.
Numerous road and railway construction projects include costly mitigation measures to offset the barrier effect produced on local fauna, despite the scarcity of data on the effectiveness of such mitigation measures. In this study, we evaluate the utility of different types of crossing structures. Vertebrate use of 43 transverse crossing structures along the A-52 motorway (north-western Spain) was studied during spring 2001. Research centered on wildlife passages (9), wildlife-adapted box culverts (7), functional passages (6 overpasses, 7 underpasses) and culverts (14), with marble dust being used to record animal tracks. A total of 424 track-days were recorded, with most of the larger vertebrate groups present in the area being detected. All crossing structure types were used by animals, although the intensity of use varied significantly among them (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05); culverts were used less frequently than other structures. Crossing structure type and width were identified as the most important factors in their selection for use. Wildlife passages and adapted culverts allowed crossing by certain species (wild boar, roe deer, Eurasian badger), which do not tend to cross elsewhere. These results highlight the importance of using both mixed-type structures and wildlife passages in reducing the barrier effect of roads. 相似文献
43.
44.
Etienne Neethling Théo Petitjean Hervé Quénol Gérard Barbeau 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(5):777-803
Adaptation to climate change is a major challenge facing the viticulture sector. Temporally, adaptation strategies and policies have to address potential impacts in both the short- and long term, whereas spatially, place-based and context-specific adaptations are essential. To help inform decision-making on climate change adaptation, this study adopted a bottom-up approach to assess local climate vulnerability and winegrowers’ adaptive processes in two regulated wine-producing areas in the Anjou-Saumur wine growing sub-region, France. The data used for this study were collected through individual semi-structured interviews with 30 winegrowers. With a focus on wine quality, climate-related exposure, and sensitivity were dependent on many contextual factors (e.g., northern geographical position, wine regulatory frameworks, local environmental features) interacting with the regional oceanic climate. Climate and other non-climate-related variables brought about important changes in winegrowers’ management practices, varying in time and space. This ongoing process in decision-making enhanced winegrowers’ adaptive responses, which were primarily reactive (e.g., harvesting, winemaking) or anticipatory (e.g., canopy and soil management) to short-term climate conditions. Winegrowers described changing trends in climate- and grapevine (Vitis) -related variables, with the latter attributed to regional climate changes and evolving management practices. Regarding future climate trends, winegrowers’ displayed great uncertainty, placing the most urgent adaptation priority on short-term strategies, while changing grapevine varieties and using irrigation were identified as last resort strategies. The study concluded by discussing the implications of these findings in the context of climate change adaptation in viticulture. 相似文献
45.
V. Simon C. Purcarea K. Sun J. Joseph G. Frebourg J.-P. Lechaire F. Gaill G. Hervé 《Marine Biology》2000,136(1):115-127
The obligate symbiosis of the deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila with a sulphur-oxidizing bacterium raises important questions concerning its metabolism and metabolic exchanges. In this
study, the presence and properties of the enzymes synthesizing and utilizing carbamylphosphate in the arginine and pyrimidine
nucleotide pathways were investigated in this worm. The results show that the ammonium-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase
and ornithine transcarbamylase, enzymes involved in the arginine pathway, are present in all body parts of the worm. In contrast,
the glutamine-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamylase, enzymes involved in the de novo pathway
for pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis, are present only in the trophosome, the symbiont-harbouring tissue. Although the
bacterial nature of these enzymes is not unambigously established, these results strongly suggest that the de novo biosynthesis
of pyrimidine nucleotides is limited to the trophosome, the organ where the production of metabolic energy takes place, while
the other parts of the worm's body rely on the salvage pathway for the production of the pyrimidine triphosphate nucleotides.
Received: 22 June 1998 / Accepted: 26 October 1999 相似文献
46.
Marie Vagner José-Luis Zambonino-Infante David Mazurais Nathalie Imbert-Auvray Natascha Ouillon Emmanuel Dubillot Hervé Le Delliou David Akbar Christel Lefrançois 《Marine Biology》2014,161(11):2547-2562
In this study, we hypothesised that a reduction in n-3 HUFA availability for higher consumers, as expected with global change, would negatively impact the physiological performances of fish. The aim was to experimentally evaluate the effect of n-3 HUFA dietary content on cardio-respiratory performances of the golden grey mullet (Liza aurata), a microalgae grazer of high ecological importance in European coastal areas. These performances were evaluated in terms of critical swimming speed U crit, associated oxygen consumption MO2, post-exercise oxygen consumption and calcium fluxes in cardiomyocytes. Two replicated groups of fish were fed on a rich (standard diet, SD diet: 1.2 % n-3 HUFA on dry matter basis, DMB) or a poor n-3 HUFA (low n-3 HUFA diet, LD diet: 0.2 % n-3 HUFA on DMB) diet during 5 months and were called SD and LD groups, respectively. The results showed that the LD diet reduced growth rate as well as the aerobic capacity of L. aurata at 20 °C, suggesting that fish may have to save energy by modifying the proportion of energy allocated to energy-demanding activities, such as digestion or feeding. In addition, this LD diet induced higher levels of haematocrit and plasma osmolality, indicating a stress response at the second and third levels in that group. However, the LD diet caused a massive increase in swimming efficiency. This should improve the capacity of L. aurata to migrate and to forage over a wide area. In turn, these could then compensate for the reduction in growth rate and aerobic metabolism. 相似文献
47.
George Y. Jumper Edmund A. Murphy Frank H. Ruggiero John R. Roadcap Anthony J. Ratkowski Jean Vernin Hervé Trinquet 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2007,7(5):351-370
In July 2002, a multi-sensor campaign was conducted in southern France to investigate the hypothesized connection between
gravity waves and optical turbulence. A generalized scidar (GS) was mounted on the 1.93 m diameter telescope at l’Observatoire
de Haute-Provence (OHP). The GS provides continuous profiles of optical turbulence with 300 m vertical resolution from telescope
altitude up to 25 km. Thermosondes, which provide in situ measurement of optical turbulence by measuring temperature variance,
were launched at the OHP site and at a site approximately 20 km west-northwest of OHP. Gravity wave activity was deduced from
temperature and wind velocity measured by radiosondes, which are part of the thermosonde system. In this paper, gravity waves
were analyzed using techniques for simple two-dimensional mountain waves, with only fair results. Mesoscale models were run
at moderately high resolution for the period. The forecasts were analyzed for wave activity, and a post processor model was
used to diagnose the optical turbulence. Mountain waves were evident in the forecast, but quantitative comparison showed the
forecast to be inadequate in predicting wave strength. The forecast optical turbulence was in fair agreement with measurements
with notable exceptions.
This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The
U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.
Presented at the Turbulence and Waves in Stably Stratified Atmospheric Shear Flows: Measurements, High Resolution Simulations
and Numerical Prediction Challenges Conference, 13–15 September 2004, Lighthill Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University
College London, London, UK. 相似文献
48.
Jean Vernin Hervé Trinquet George Jumper Edmund Murphy Anthony Ratkowski 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2007,7(5):371-382
Herein we present a campaign dedicated to the detection and the characterization of Gravity Waves (GW) in the Earth’s atmosphere
in relation to the generation of Optical Turbulence (OT). The observations took place in France from 17 to 24 July 2002 at
the Haute Provence Observatory (OHP) and simultaneously at the Sirene Observatory, some 20 km apart. From both sites, several
balloons were launched that measured the classical PTU-Wind profiles and additionally the structure constant of the temperature
field vertical profiles. A Generalized Scidar (GS) technique was implemented at the 1.93 m-diameter OHP telescope, providing profiles every minute. From our observations, a significant amount of GW activity was observed at both sites, but without
clear evidence of correlation between the two sites. It seems from our observations that a wide spectrum of GW is present
at a given altitude and that this could result in a lack of correlation between observations made from two sites 20 km apart.
Most GW are non-stationary with long horizontal wavelengths (λ ∼ 100–200 km), kilometric vertical wavelengths (λ ~ 0.5–2 km)
and long intrinsic period (T ~ 2–15 h). They belong in the category of “hydrostatic rotating or non-rotating waves”. Layers of optical turbulence detected
by balloons and the Scidar technique correlate well with regions of GW activity.
The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
49.
The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the stability and activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from the liver of the
Antarctic fish Chaenocephalus aceratus (Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae) has been investigated using the homologous bovine enzyme for comparison. At gradually increasing
pressure, the fish GDH retains all activity up to 140 MPa, whereas in the same pressure range the bovine enzyme is slightly
inactivated. The kinetics of pressure-induced inactivation of Antarctic GDH displays an exponentially decreasing residual
activity as a function of the incubation time, whereas the bovine enzyme shows a complex pattern of behaviour in the first
20 min of incubation, attributable to the transient formation of aggregates. The coenzyme NAD increases the stability of both
enzymes. The activation volume calculated for the reaction catalysed under pressure by fish GDH is higher than that of the
bovine enzyme. These results indicate that the molecular properties of fish and bovine GDH are affected differently by hydrostatic
pressure. A common mode of inactivation under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature of the cold-adapted Antarctic
fish and mesophilic bovine GDH is deduced and discussed.
Received: 20 October 1998 / Accepted: 7 May 1999 相似文献
50.
Paul Scholte Olivier Pays Saleh Adam Bertrand Chardonnet Hervé Fritz Jean-Baptiste Mamang Herbert H. T. Prins Pierre-Cyril Renaud Patrick Tadjo Mark Moritz 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13860
When in 2010 the world's governments pledged to increase protected area coverage to 17% of the world's land surface, several Central African countries had already set aside 25% of their northern savannas for conservation. To evaluate the effectiveness of this commitment, we analyzed the results of 68 multispecies surveys conducted in the seven main savanna national parks in Central Africa (1960–2017). We also assembled information on potential drivers of large herbivore population trends (rainfall and number of rangers) and on tourist numbers and revenues. In six out of the seven parks, wild large herbivore populations declined dramatically over time, livestock numbers increased severalfold, and tourism, the pillar under a once thriving local wildlife industry, collapsed. Zakouma National Park (Chad) stood out because its large herbivore populations increased, an increase that was positively correlated with rainfall and number of rangers (a proxy for management inputs). With increasing insecurity and declining revenues, governments find themselves confronted with too few resources to protect vast areas. To deal with this conversation overstretch, we propose to extend the repeatedly promoted solutions––scaled up funding, enhanced management––with a strategic retreat, focusing scarce resources on smaller areas to save wildlife in the Central African savannas. 相似文献