计量认证/审查认可(验收)与环境监测实验室质量体系的建立

根据绵阳市环境监测站计量认证工作实践，着重探讨了计量认证工作转版后，环境监测实验室质量体系的建立、维护、管理，以及该质量体系对规范实验室检测工作和全体人员行为达到质量目标的重要作用。     

公交车实际道路颗粒物排放的数浓度特征

为获得城市公交实际道路颗粒物数量排放特性,利用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)在实际道路上对公交车颗粒物排放特征及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:公交车车速低于30 km/h的工况占总工况的78.9%,其中车速小于10 km/h的工况所占比例最大,为33.7%;车速高于40 km/h的工况仅占总工况的2.1%. 利用低压荷电捕集器(ELPI)测试的粒径分布表明,公交车进、出站和稳定车速工况下排放的颗粒物数浓度峰值均出现在粒径为70 nm附近;粒径小于70 nm的颗粒物数浓度在3种不同工况下占颗粒物总数浓度的55.4%～69.7%;粒径大于770 nm的颗粒物非常少,其数浓度占颗粒物总数浓度的比例均小于0.1%.      

Suspended solids within sewers: an experimental study

A precise determination of the pollutant loads processed through the sewer networks is required for legal, environmental and management reasons. Such a determination requires a good evaluation of concentrations, which is not an easy task because samplers or sensors can perform measurements in a cross-sectional area of only a few locations, and this local information must then be extrapolated across the whole cross-sectional area of the sewer network. This latter step is problematical. A great deal of attention must be given to suspended solids because they are prone to settle and display heterogeneous concentration patterns. A two-dimensional sampler has been designed to measure the variation of suspended solids concentration throughout a cross-sectional area. This paper presents the principles upon which the conception of this experimental device was based and the building process. Experimental results are presented and discussed.     

齐齐哈尔市大气环境容量的测算核定

通过建立大气环境容量的数学模型测算出城区大气环境容量,以此为依据提出各功能区及各污染源污染物排放量的分配方案,达到充分开发和合理利用大气环境资源;根据现有和未来主要行业发展特点,确定控制的主要污染项目,为政府决策提供科学依据,达到为我市今后经济可持续发展服务的目的。     

废水总氰化物测定干扰的消除

为解决测定受有机物污染的城镇污水原水中氰化物含量过程中出现的总氰化物未检出,进出水总氰化物浓度倒大等问题,采取增加石油醚(90~120℃)萃取或银盐沉淀预处理的步骤,实现对干扰的消除,方法相对标准偏差在4.8%~26.5%之间,加标回收率在84%~90%之间。     

Measurement of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy

A synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) method was developed for determination of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish. The wavelength differences (Δλ) of 50 nm was maintained between excitation and emission wavelengths and it was found to be suitable for the effective determination of pyrene in fish gills; the peak were observed at λ_ex 334.5 nm. Linear relationships between SFS intensity and the concentration of pyrene in n-hexane solution were established. It was demonstrated that the SFS method was effective, simple, and less expensive, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid analysis of pyrene in fish gills.     

环境电磁辐射测量比对

为考核辐射环境监测质量,浙江省辐射环境监测站组织了2010年全省辐射环境监测网络环境电磁辐射测量比对。采用稳健Z比分数法评价测量数据的一致性。结果表明,射频综合场强测量比对中,9台仪器测量结果满意,1台仪器测量结果离群。工频电磁场测量比对中,有9台仪器测量结果满意,2台仪器测量结果离群。88%的测量值为满意结果,12%为离群结果,测量比对有效地发现了测量仪器存在的问题,保证监测工作结果的准确性。     

Rate of pesticide volatilization from soil: an experimental approach with a wind tunnel system applied to trifluralin

Pesticide volatilization to the atmosphere may be a major pathway of dissipation closely linked with environmental, physico-chemical and technical factors. Understanding the volatilization process requires systems that make it possible to control some of these factors. Wind tunnels meet to these criteria. The volatilization flux is determined from a mass balance, using the difference in atmospheric pesticide concentration between the entrance and the exit of the tunnel and the airflow rate. An experiment was carried out in June 2000 to study the repeatability of this technique. Volatilization of trifluralin was measured in three wind tunnels for 8 days with a sampling period varying between 3 h and 2 days. Pesticide concentration was determined by trapping by XAD-2 resin in a two-stage cartridge, solvent extraction and analysis by gas chromatography. Cumulated losses through volatilization reached 30% of the measured application dose after 8 days, with a variability of less than 20% between the three tunnels. Approximately 20% remained in the topsoil (0–2 cm), with a variability of 14% between the three tunnels. The decrease in the volatilization flux over time is coherent with the expected theoretical evolution for a volatile pesticide such as trifluralin and with previous experimental works.     

除尘器除尘效率测定误差理论的研究

全面地分析了除尘器的除尘效率测定误差产生原因，推导出在一定条件下除尘效率测定误差理论计算公式，经实例验证与理论符合。并得出在采样气体状态参数和环境条件一定时，除尘效率的测定误差主要取决于取样时间及流量。当取样时间在（１０～１５） ｍｉｎ 和流量（１０～１５）ｌ／ｍｉｎ时，除尘效率测定误差可控制在±６％ 左右     

物料衡算法计算燃煤SO_2排放总量的探讨

分析了现行燃煤ＳＯ_２排放总量计算方法的优缺点，提出了一种适合基层环保部门准确计征燃煤ＳＯ_２排污费使用的新方法。