平煤股份六矿“U+L”通风综采面最佳横川间距确定

随着煤层开采深度的增加,煤层瓦斯含量不断增加,采空区瓦斯涌出量也随之上升,"U"型通风方式容易出现上隅角瓦斯超限等问题,影响煤矿安全生产,而"U+L"型通风方式中滞后横川和瓦斯抽放的运用对消除上隅角瓦斯超限和工作面瓦斯防治具有明显的作用。根据尾巷、横川及上隅角处瓦斯浓度符合规程且工作面横川间距最远时最经济合理的原则,针对平煤六矿戊8-22310工作面实际情况,利用Fluent软件模拟了尾巷有、无抽放时采空区瓦斯分布规律,得出了尾巷有抽放时和无抽放时最远横川间距。研究成果对"U+L"型工作面横川间距确定及工作面瓦斯防治提供了理论指导。     

浅谈特种设备检验机构的独立性公正性和公益服务性

本文针对特种设备检验的社会化问题进行了探讨,着重对社会检验机构的独立性、公正性和公益服务性问题进行了分析。就如何更好的保证特种设备安全的情况下引进民间资本参与检验以及如何确保检验机构的公正性和公益服务性提出了自己的见解。     

现代流域管理体系研究

现代流域管理体系是由流域目标管理体系、流域治理技术体系、流域监测预警体系、流域法律与政策保障体系和流域行政管理体系五部分组成. 对流域目标管理体系的概念、组成和功能进行了深入剖析,分析了水体健康目标、污染控制目标、生态保护目标和资源利用目标的基本内涵,明确了流域目标管理体系在现代流域管理中的核心地位和科学意义;阐述了流域治理技术体系的基本内容,分析了工业污染控制、生活污水控制、农业面源控制和生态修复等要求,指出为确保流域生态环境得以改善,必需构建实用的、科学的流域治理技术体系;明确了流域监测预警体系在现代流域管理体系中的“感知”作用,指出完整的监测预警体系应具备提供及时、准确、完整的监测数据的能力,健全的网络监测能力,良好的评估功能,以及完善的预警和应急能力;强调了法律与政策保障体系是实现现代流域管理的必要措施,着重指出加强流域立法、完善管理制度和制订适合的经济政策,不仅可以保障流域管理目标、治理技术和监测预警体系的顺利运行,而且为流域污染治理提供政策和经济上的支持;最后分析了目前流域管理中流域行政管理的“多龙治水”问题,指出流域区划管理和地区间协调管理的必要性和紧迫性. 我国流域管理仍在起步阶段,流域治理技术水平不高,监测预警能力有待提高,流域管理相关立法不够完善,因此必须从流域管理目标、流域治理和监测预警入手加强经济投入,鼓励技术创新,构建完善流域法律与政策保障体系,最终实现跨区域、协调的现代化流域管理.      

中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒（〈2μm）中高,粗颗粒（〉2μm）中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。     

基于蛙跳算法优化的生态环境质量评价的韦伯-费希纳指数公式

为了建立简便、实用的生态环境质量评价模型,在构建生态环境评价指标体系的基础上,设定各指标的参照值和规范变换式,使规范变换后的不同指标同级标准的规范值差异不大。进而提出了一个对多项指标的规范值都适用的生态环境质量评价的韦伯-费希纳(W-F)指数公式。采用混合蛙跳算法对公式的参数进行优化,得出优化后对多项指标皆适用的生态环境质量评价的W-F指数公式。运用该公式对巢湖流域的生态环境质量进行评价,其结果与该流域生态环境质量实际情况基本相符,表明模型有一定的实用性。     

Experimental study of recirculating flows generated by lateral shock waves in very large channels

Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around the separated boundary layer.     

电力行业二氧化硫排放控制现状、费用及对策分析

系统地研究了国家级层面上的30多个法规、政策、规划和文件对火电厂二氧化硫排放的控制要求及存在问题,提出了现行政策还不完善之处.通过对典型石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫费用的研究,提出了4个费用估算预测公式.研究表明,煤的含硫量对脱除每kg二氧化硫的费用影响最为敏感.提出清理修订现行法规及政策,加快实施二氧化硫在电力行业内的排放总量平衡和排放权交易政策,鼓励发电企业依法自主选择治理措施;出台火电厂二氧化硫治理优惠经济政策,规范脱硫产业化发展等的建议.      

新疆喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学及演化规律

新疆喀什地区高铁锰地下水严重影响当地供水水质安全及居民身体健康.基于数据收集及水文地质调查基础上,利用171组地下水水样测试数据,借助统计学方法和PHREEQC软件反演对喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学进行研究.结果表明,研究区地下水Fe超标率为39.8%,垂向为深层承压水>浅层承压水>潜水;Mn超标率为60.8%,垂向为浅层承压水>潜水>深层承压水,Mn含量的超标率普遍高于Fe含量的超标率,且分布范围更广,更普遍;高铁锰地下水主要富集于SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg型水、SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg型水和SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型水中,高矿化度地下水和蒸发浓缩作用有利于铁锰富集,潜水Fe含量受人为因素影响较大;研究区地下水Fe主要为Fe （Ⅱ）,Mn均为Mn （Ⅱ）;研究区地下水中铁的来源主要为原生地层中褐铁矿,部分为菱铁矿和其他含铁矿物,锰的来源主要为黑锰矿、软锰矿和部分菱锰矿等含锰矿物;潜水中As参与Fe的阳离子交换作用生成Fe （Ⅱ）,承压含水层Mn在高矿化度地下水中持续发生阳离子交换作用,随着含水层深度加大,研究区地下水中的黑锰矿、褐铁矿和软锰矿溶解始终未达到饱和,持续溶解.     

Volatilization characteristics of organic solutes in stirred solution

The effects of turbulence intensity (velocity gradient, G (s⁻¹)), Henry's law constant (H), and molecular weight (M) on the volatilization rates of organic compounds are examined using changes in the mass transfer coefficients (K_OL (cm/min)) under specific liquid-mixing intensities. The selected compounds were divided into three groups according to their H values (mole in gas/mole in liquid, dimensionless), which ranged from 10² to 10⁻⁵. The relationship of the K_OL relative to G, H and M was obtained via multiple regression. The obtained values of these parameters indicate that the primary factor affecting the K_OL values of the high H compounds is their M values. The effects of the H values on the K_OL values of the high H compounds can be neglected. On the other hand, the H value is the major factor determining the K_OL values of the low H compounds. The changes in the K_OL values of the different H compounds exhibit different profiles as the liquid-mixing intensity increases. The M and H values of middle H compounds possibly affect their K_OL values. The effects of the liquid-mixing intensity on the K_OL values of the organic compounds increase with increasing H values. The variation in the K_OL values might be a result of the concentration of the organic compounds at the interface between the liquid and gas films. The empirical relationship between K_OL and some selected parameters, G, H and M, is examined in this study. The obtained results can help to estimate volatilization loss of organic solutes in wastewater treatment facilities.     

Efficient and Practical Approaches to Ground‐Water Right Transfers Under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine and the Snake River Example1

Abstract: Water right transfers are one of the basic means of implementing changes in water use in the highly appropriated water resource systems of the western United States. Many of these systems are governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine, which was not originally intended for application to ground‐water pumping and the conjunctive management of ground water and surface water, and thus creates an administrative challenge. That challenge results from the fact that ground‐water pumping can affect all interconnected surface‐water bodies and the effects may be immeasurably small relative to surface water discharge and greatly attenuated in time. Although we may have the ability to calculate the effects of ground‐water pumping and transfers of pumping location on surface‐water bodies, mitigating for all the impacts of each individual transfer is sufficiently inefficient that it impedes the transfer process, frustrates water users, and consequently inhibits economic development. A more holistic approach to ground‐water right transfers, such as a ground‐water accounting or banking scheme, may adequately control transfer third‐party effects while reducing mitigation requirements on individual transfers. Acceptance of an accounting scheme can accelerate the transfer process, and possibly reduce the administrative burden.