生态文明下的环境法制

生态文明建设的进程受到诸多因素的制约,如生态环境意识、环境立法、行政执法和司法缺陷、法律政策等,同时生态文明建设中面临诸多的难题,如公众参与、生态补偿、环境责任及环境纠纷等,应通过完善立法、执法及司法建设,以及完善公众参与机制、生态补偿机制、环境公益诉讼制度等保障机制来解决这些问题。本文首先通过比较分析生态文明与环境法制的关系,结合我国生态法制建设困境,提出了完善生态文明建设的一系列的环境法治保障措施,即从立法、执法、司法角度,从而实现科学发展观,构建和谐社会,最终实现环境—社会—经济协调发展的任务。     

无人机用航空铝合金材料激光毁伤特性缩比实验研究

目的 通过开展激光对无人机用航空铝合金材料的缩比毁伤实验,为研究激光对无人机的毁伤特性及规律奠定基础,为激光武器的战技指标论证提供科学可靠的参考数据。方法 采用缩比模型法,利用激光对航空铝靶板进行毁伤实验,记录烧穿时间、光斑直径、激光功率等参数,并通过等效性修正实验对毁伤规律进行分析。结果 毁伤缩比实验中,随着尺度律cP的增加,航空铝板的平均击穿时间逐渐延长,击穿所需的激光能量密度基本符合线性增加规律。修正实验中,随着航空铝板厚度的增加,击穿时间逐渐延长,实验拟合曲线与理论曲线具有较好的一致性。结论 通过缩比实验与修正实验,可建立激光对航空铝合金材料的毁伤模型公式,根据激光参数推算毁伤阈值及击穿时间。     

生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿规则的检视与适用

生态环境损害的惩罚性赔偿规则首次在《民法典》侵权责任编中确立。针对这项制度创新,本文梳理了惩罚性赔偿规则在不同法律制度中适用范围和适用条件的差异性,并进一步分析惩罚性赔偿在生态环境损害救济体系中所具有的特殊规则和功能定位。在缺乏生态环境领域部门法配套的情况下,《民法典》中惩罚性赔偿规则的适用应基于生态环境的公益性而适当扩大请求权主体范围,基于严格法定性而明确举证责任负担和证明标准,基于生态环境要素的特殊性而完善多样化的赔偿内容和计算方法。     

国有林场安全生产依法管理措施探讨

本文从林场安全生产管理实际出发，论述了国有林场如何贯彻实施(安全生产法)，提高林场安全生产依法管理水平的内容与措施。     

LAW,HYDROLOGY, AND SURFACE-WATER SUPPLY IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Law and hydrology are inextricably woven together in the pattern of water resource development in the west. The former attempts to allocate a limited and valuable resource as the latter tries to define the limits of the resource. In the past an inadequate data base has made hydrologic estimates difficult and political factors have pushed the law into possibly conflicting commitments in the Colorado River Basin. Through the use of tree-ring research, hydrologists have produced a more definitive data base and placed water allocations such as the Colorado River Compact of 1922 in a clearer long-term perspective. This data base leads to the conclusion that the surface-water supply is about 13.5 million acre-feet per year. This hydrologic limit must be apportioned within an existing legal framework - the “Law of the River.” As development approaches the resource limit in the Upper Colorado River Basin, lawyers and hydrologists must act in concert toward the equitable solution of allocation and reallocation problems.     

构建适应保护资源的政策法律新框架

本文分析了我国资源保护的特殊要求;认为我国进入了强化资源保护阶段,资源保护立法必须适应这个阶段;在此基础上,提出了我国资源保护政策法律新体制的基本构想和建议。     

Forest law compliance and enforcement: the case of on-farm timber extraction in Ghana

The paper investigates law compliance in case of on-farm timber extraction in Ghana. It empirically investigates compliance with rules that (i) require timber operators to obtain prior and informed consent from the farmers, (ii) require timber operators to pay appropriate and timely compensation for crop damage caused by timber extraction and (iii) ban chainsaw lumbering. The study documents a low level of compliance in all three domains. Subsequently, the paper discusses the underlying causes for the observed low compliance. The low compliance level is attributed to a legislation, and enforcement, that provides huge financial incentives for non-compliance for both farmers and timber operators, and in the latter case both with and without legal permits. At the same time the regulation is perceived to violate their moral values. The paper underlines the interests of the political elite as decisive in shaping the current regulation and the way it is implemented on the ground. It asserts that eliciting compliance requires consideration of both the instrumental and normative perspectives; else it becomes illusive. The study thus challenges the typical response of governments in developing countries, who, supported by donor agencies, attempt to elicit compliance through enhanced law enforcement efforts. The results presented on the Ghana case suggest that such an approach is unlikely to elicit compliance.     

食品安全管理存在问题及其对策研究

食品是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。当前食品安全形势严峻,面临来自多方面的挑战。食物中毒、滥用杀虫剂、采用新技术和新工艺等带来的食品安全问题,还有生产流通环节的问题。笔者论述了食品安全的定义及内涵;介绍国内、外食品安全现状的基础上,分析了食品安全的重要性;进而提出了食品安全的可行性对策:完善我国食品安全法律法规与标准体系,建立和健全食品安全管理的专门机构,加强食品流通秩序的管理,构建系统的食品安全教育培训体系,加强社会监督,发挥消费者在食品安全问题中的积极作用等。     

关于煤矿安全法制化进程的几点思考

我国十一五规划对煤炭发展做出了新的要求,要建立和谐社会,煤矿安全是煤炭行业和谐发展的第一要务.煤矿安全立法相对滞后,现行法律缺乏针对性和可操作性,应加强煤矿安全立法.加强煤矿安全司法力度,对有效预防煤矿安全事故意义重大,同时应积极开展煤矿安全法制教育,提高煤矿从业人员的安全法治意识.强化煤矿安全执法力度,执法必严,是保障煤矿安全的关键环节.