ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.     

人工神经网络和遗传算法在生物载体填料生产工艺中的应用

本文应用BP人工神经网络建立了生物流化床污水处理工艺中新型生物载体填料的生产工艺参数与填料磨损破碎率和松散容重之间的关系，并运用遗传算法对填料的生产工艺进行了优化。结果表明：填料的最佳生产工艺参数为：EVA含量14％；活性炭含量3．6％；胶粉粒度18.97目。此时，填料的磨损破碎率和松散容量均达到最优值，分别为0．358％和0．226kg／L。这一优化结果对生物载体填料的实际生产加工具有指导意义。     

Artificial Neural Networks for Risk Decision Support in Natural Hazards: A Case Study of Assessing the Probability of House Survival from Bushfires

Risk decision-making in natural hazards encompasses a plethora of environmental, socio-economic and management-related factors, and benefits greatly from exploring possible patterns and relations among these multivariate factors. Artificial neural networks, capable of general pattern classifications, are potentially well suited for risk decision support in natural hazards. This paper reports an example that assesses the risk patterns or probabilities of house survival from bushfires using artificial neural networks, with a simulation data set based on the empirical study by Wilson and Ferguson (Predicting the probability of house survival during bushfires, Journal of Environmental Management 23 (1986) 259–270). The aim of this study was to re-model and predict the relationship between risk patterns of house survival and a series of independent variables. Various configurations for input and output variables were tested using neural networks. An approach for converting linguistic terms into crisp numbers was used to incorporate linguistic variables into the quantitative neural network analysis. After a series of tests, results show that neural networks are capable of predicting risk patterns under all tested configurations of input and output variables, with a great deal of flexibility. Risk-based mathematical functions, be they linear or non-linear, can be re-modelled using neural networks. Finally, the paper concludes that the artificial neural networks serve as a promising risk decision support tool in natural hazards.     

一体化A_mO_n工艺BP神经网络数学模型研究

讨论基于BP神经网络一体化AmOn污水处理工艺数学模型的构建。在分析神经网络和一体化AmOn污水处理工艺各自特点的基础上,建立了具有11个输入层节点、5个输出层节点以及包含两层隐含层的BP神经网络,并确定了各隐含层的节点数、网络的权值和阈值。对模型的验证结果表明:BP神经网络模型基本反映了AmOn一体化工艺的主要特点,网络预测出水结果与实测结果相差不大,神经网络模型具有较好的泛化能力。     

不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐与耐磨性能的影响

目的分析不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐和耐磨性能的影响,探索利用冷喷涂低温特点制备Al/B_(4)C复合涂层的可行性。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备4种B_(4)C含量的Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,并利用各种方法表征涂层的结合特征、耐磨性能和防腐性能。结果冷喷涂过程不会改变铝和碳化硼的物相,碳化硼颗粒主要以嵌入方式结合在涂层中,会产生结合缺陷。在本研究中,B_(4)C的质量分数最高可达到34.53%左右,涂层的结合强度随粉末中碳化硼含量的增加先增加、后降低,最高可达26.67 MPa。微区电化学试验分析涂层内部微电位差值,发现Al/B_(4)C界面存在电位差,腐蚀反应会优先在Al/B_(4)C界面发生,从而破坏金属Al成膜,使涂层的耐蚀性能与略低于铝块材。结论冷喷涂技术可以制备微观结构和结合性能良好的高B_(4)C含量Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,涂层中B_(4)C的质量分数最高达34.53%,预期具有良好的热中子吸收性能。同时,B_(4)C颗粒的加入,使得涂层的耐磨性能大大的提升,但是耐蚀性能相比于铝材料略有降低,是未来需要改善的方向。     

长江中下游深秋季节一次MCC过程的成因

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及FY2C云图资料等，对2009年11月9日长江中下游地区深秋季节1次MCC过程发生发展进行了成因分析。结果表明：此次MCC发生在大尺度地面暖倒槽之中，500hPa低槽东移、850hPa低涡发展东移、边界层冷空气南下形成的弱冷锋等天气系统的配合为其发生提供了有利环境条件；MCC发生在对流层中层低能舌与低层高能舌重叠的对流不稳定区；高层辐散、低层辐合以及强涡度柱和散度柱的耦合成为MCC发展维持的主要动力机制；MMC的发展成熟阶段，对流层中低层始终维持不稳定层结状态，且随着降水增强，出现湿中性垂直运动特征；MCC成熟期其中心区风向随高度一致顺转，风速切变较强，具有超级单体风暴结构特征     

中性点不接地的企业供电系统事故分析

通过对两个中性点不接地的企业供电系统事故实例的分析,找出了事故发生的原因,指出避免类似事故的技术要点,并给出了具体的解决方法和技术措施.     

4种紧固件用涂层性能对比分析

目的 将4种不同涂料涂覆在相同紧固件上,在相同测试条件下研究它们的表面形貌、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等性能,最后从中筛选出可替代传统HW-A的潜在涂料,进一步丰富现役钛合金紧固件表面涂层材料品种。方法 利用3D共聚焦、电化学阻抗谱、中性盐雾、加速环境谱等方法评价紧固件表面涂层性能,研究每种涂层的截面形貌、表面形貌、粗糙度、抗腐蚀、加速疲劳寿命等,然后综合分析其关键性能。结果 采用3D共聚焦、电化学阻抗谱、中性盐雾、加速谱等方法初步摸清了4种涂料的性能特点,PTFE涂料的表面粗糙度较CZ和GO降低约50%,PTFE电化学阻抗谱半径较其他3种涂层大大提高。加速谱更清晰表明,PTFE涂料比现役HW-A铝涂料的疲劳寿命提高22.8%,PTFE涂料能满足当下性能需要。结论 PTFE涂料较市场上筛选出的石墨烯涂料、含铬酸盐聚氨酯涂料的施工性能更好、关键性能更优、更适合紧固件使用,在未来产品应用中有较大的潜力。     

论我国能源法的立法目的——兼评 2020 年《能源法（征求意见稿）》第一条

我国2020年《能源法(征求意见稿)》的立法目的在结构层次、推演逻辑等方面均有不足,无法统摄整个能源立法实践,极大影响了能源法的立法质量。不同的立法目的产生不同的法律实效,我国能源法的立法目的不仅取决于能源法的位阶,而且必须以实现“双碳”目标为价值指引。能源法需要遵循从“理念”到“价值”再到“目的”的推导逻辑,从形式诉求和实质要义出发,设置逻辑严密、层次清晰的立法目的条款。     

基于褶皱中和面的煤层气藏类型

为了指导煤层气目标区优选和勘探开发,厘清褶皱构造控制的煤层气藏富集规律.通过对褶皱中和面上下煤岩层的应力与应变特征的研究,结合煤层气成藏机制,系统分析了褶皱中和面上下煤层气藏储层应力性质、渗透率、气藏边界和盖层条件,得出了褶皱中和面上下煤层背斜与向斜煤层气藏的赋存规律.将褶皱构造控制的煤层气藏划分为向斜上层聚集低渗型、向斜下层高渗运移型、背斜上层逸散型和背斜下层富集型4种类型,并引用相应类型实例进行了验证.