Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

汽车制造企业恶臭来源及影响分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是工业恶臭的重要来源之一.本文以某汽车制造企业为研究对象,对其产生的恶臭来源及对敏感点居民区的影响进行采样和分析.2016年11月15~17日,分别采用三点比较式臭袋法和大气预浓缩仪-气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用法对该企业厂区内各个车间的排气筒、厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度和VOCs组分进行定性、定量分析.结果表明,该企业整车厂和发动机厂各个车间排气筒的臭气浓度均未超标,发动机厂厂界的臭气浓度未超标,但整车厂的厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度均超过标准限值.监测共确认54种VOCs物种,包括芳香烃、卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、环烷烃、酮类、酯类、醚类、醇类、含硫化合物和含氧环化合物.其中,卤代烃种类最多,其次是芳香烃.由此可知,汽车制造恶臭类代表物质主要是卤代烃和芳香烃.根据敏感点居民区特征VOCs物种的质量浓度、检知嗅阈和阈稀释倍数筛选出敏感点居民区的典型恶臭物质为1,3-丁二烯.针对涂装车间所用涂料进行定性分析,结果表明,绝大部分特征VOCs物种均来自涂料成分.恶臭贡献最大的1,3-丁二烯,在排除敏感点居民区周边其他污染源影响的情况下,推断其来源是整车厂涂装车间的喷涂和烘干工艺所产生的.建议企业采用含VOCs组分较低的环保涂料或更高处理效率的RTO净化装置,以减少汽车制造过程对居民区敏感点的恶臭影响.     

黄河兰州段水环境风险容量研究

针对河水流量变化大这一特点,采用以对数正态分布理论为指导的随机计算模式,以近十年90%保证率最枯月平均流量为设计流量,确定黄河兰州段主要污染物的容许排污量,即水环境风险容量。     

Microbial community structure and dynamics of starch-fed and glucose-fed chemostats during two years of continuous operation

The microbial community structures of two mesophilic anaerobic chemostats, one fed with glucose, the other with starch as sole carbon sources, were studied at various dilution rates (0.05–0.25 d^–1 for glucose and 0.025–0.1 d^–1 for starch) during two years continuous operation. In the glucose-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta spp. and hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus spp. predominated at low dilution rates, whereas Methanosaeta spp. and the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium spp. predominated together when dilution rates were greater than 0.1 d^–1. Bacteria affiliated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria predominated at dilution rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 d^–1, respectively, while Firmicutes predominated at higher dilution rates (0.2 and 0.25 d^–1). In the starch-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted at all dilution rates. Although bacteria belonging to only two phyla were mainly responsible for starch degradation (Spirochaetes at the dilution rate of 0.08 d^–1 and Firmicutes at other dilution rates), different bacterial genera were identified at different dilution rates. With the exception of Archaea in the glucose-fed chemostat, the band patterns revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the microbial communities in the two chemostats displayed marked changes during long-term operation at a constant dilution rate. The bacterial community changed with changes in the dilution rate, and was erratic during longterm operation in both glucose-fed and starch-fed chemostats.     

生物质燃烧源排放烟尘罩稀释采样系统设计与应用

为研究生物质燃烧源颗粒物与气态污染物的排放特征,设计了可用于生物质燃烧排放实验室模拟研究的烟尘罩稀释采样系统.该系统可模拟生物质燃烧释放的高温高浓烟气排放到大气中的冷却、稀释、生长等理化过程,捕集燃烧排放的细颗粒物和多种痕量气态污染物.通过更换不同内径采样嘴等方法,系统稀释倍数可在10~70倍之间调节.详细介绍了系统的设计原理及结构,并对系统可靠性进行了检验.整个采样系统通过了气密性测试,分级采样系统平行性良好,细颗粒物损失在可接受范围,对燃烧状态扰动低,燃烧状态可实时评估.应用该系统测定了我国南方地区典型生物质燃烧源含碳污染物种的排放特征,结果表明其适于模拟各种类型的生物质燃烧.     

基于保护地下水的北京市土壤通用筛选值推导

分别采用三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法1)和SESOIL耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法2)对北京市不同水文地质条件(永定河山前冲洪积扇顶部区域、中上部区域和下部区域)下27种VOCs(挥发性有机污染物)、31种SVOCs(半挥发性有机污染物)、11种农药/PCBs(多氯联苯)及二英基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值进行推导. 结果表明,下部区域土壤通用筛选值最保守,顶部区域次之,中上部区域最宽松. 采用方法1推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值分别是顶部区域和下部区域的1.1~1.4、9.9~34.9倍,顶部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部的10.7~24.9倍;采用方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部区域的9.8~49.9倍. 对于有连续非饱和带弱水层的中上部区域及下部区域,方法2推导的结果较方法1宽松. 其中,PAHs(多环芳烃)、PCBs、二英、多数农药及酯类等高K_oc(有机碳-水分配系数)污染物均难以穿透清洁非饱和土壤进入地下水;而对于VOCs、酚类等低K_oc污染物,方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值普遍是方法1的4.3~18.4倍,下部区域为方法1的3.0~24.6倍. 考虑到土壤通用筛选值应具有风险筛选功能及一定保守性,建议各种污染物以顶部区域方法1推导结果及中上部区域和下部区域方法2推导结果中最保守的值作为北京市基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值.      

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fish of Dongting Lake, China: Effects of feeding habits, habitat preferences and body size

We measured the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg, and the stable isotope ratios( δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in 87 fish samples within 12 economic fish species collected from the Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China. With few exceptions in concentration of Cr, most of fish species showed lower concentrations of the 8 metals than legislation thresholds. Piscivorous fishes had significantly higher values of δ¹⁵N（possessing higher trophic...     

稀释倍数法测定污水色度的方法

研究选择了有代表性的6种色调的污水样品为研究对象,系统比较了不同色调、不同人员、不同稀释方法对测定结果的影响。选用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、紫6种不同色调的样品进行测定,绿色、蓝色和黄色的测定结果分散在2个倍数之间,其中绿色的集中度高达84%。红色、橙色、紫色分散在3个倍数之间,紫色的集中度高达100%。对比自然倍数稀释法、偶数倍稀释法和2n倍稀释法,这3种方法同时测定红色调的样品,其测定结果的区间是相同的,集中区域内的人员分别占总人数的71%、83%和94%。结果表明:用1名实验人员使用自然倍数稀释法对样品进行单次分析作为色度测定的方法是有效的。     

我国矿产资源开采中的损失贫化浅析

矿产资源开采中的损失与贫化问题直接关系到国家矿产资源的综合利用程度和可持续发展的问题。我国矿产资源开采中损失贫化大的问题 ,加速了资源枯竭的速度 ,缩短了矿井服务年限 ,加剧了矿产资源供求矛盾 ,造成金属大量流失、开采成本提高、经济效益差并严重阻碍了矿山的发展。文章分析了我国矿产资源开采中的损失贫化大的根源 ,并提出了解决矿石损失贫化的有效途径和低贫损开采模式。