Legal constraints, environmental variability, and the limits of innovative environmental governance

Using CALFED as a case study, this article explores problems with a conventional conceptual framework for understanding environmental crises. That framework, which both derives from and influences legal regimes, posits that environmental managers should fulfill the protective requirements of environmental laws, but should discern exactly where the brink of non-compliance lies and should allow or even facilitate resource consumption right up to that perceived edge. In contexts like CALFED, where environmental conditions are uncertain and institutions are unavoidably somewhat rigid and inflexible, that approach will function poorly, and this article therefore articulates an alternative conceptual approach capable of improving the reliability of resource allocation patterns. That alternative approach posits that in conditions of scarcity, environmental uncertainty, and rigidly constraining environmental laws, the intensity and reliability of resource use are likely to be inversely proportional, and reducing the intensity of consumptive use will tend to increase the stability and reliability of consumptive patterns.     

EPC模式下ESCO市场行为特征与演变规律

既有建筑节能改造核心实施主体——ESCO市场行为直接影响既有建筑节能改造市场发展,分析了EPC模式下既有建筑节能改造ESCO市场行为的目标性、利他性、有限理性、环境适宜性等特征,揭示了EPC模式下ESCO行业规模扩张、发展趋于规范、市场细分多元化、服务业务整体化的行为演变规律,以期为既有建筑节能改造市场治理研究奠定分析基础。     

徐州市区空气中有机污染现状与变化规律

通过建立和完善空气中有机污染物的分析方法,对徐州市区空气中的有机污染物开展了全面详细的探查,弄清了市区空气中有机污染物的污染现状及时空变化规律,填补了徐州市空气监测数据中的有机污染物的空白,为开展空气有机污染物的调查和监测奠定了一定的基础。     

医疗纠纷的预防与应对

随着社会的进步,人民生活水平的提高,人们运用法律武器保护自己的权益已逐渐成为常识．病人对自身健康的保护意识、经济意识也在不断增强,故医疗纠纷时有发生．一旦发生医疗纠纷,医院所消耗的人力、财力、物力、精力是无法估量的．笔者从医疗纠纷的预防和处理两方面进行分析与阐述,强调医护人员提高服务意识、法律意识、预防为主意识的重要性,从而从根本上防止医疗纠纷的发生．参2．     

论环境安全问题

将环境安全分为生产技术性的环境安全和社会政治性的环境安全两类。认为广义的环境安全是指人类赖以生存发展的环境处于一种不受污染和破坏的安全状态,或说人类和世界处于一种不受环境污染和环境破坏的危害的良好状态,它表示自然生态环境和人类生态意义上的生存和发展的风险大小。分析了当代环境安全问题的严重性和主要表现,包括劳动环境。生活环境和生态环境的安全问题,以及环境问题在传统的国家安全和军事活动领域的反映,认为环境安全是可持续发展观的一个核心观点;可持续发展要求满足全体人民的基本需要,而维护环境安全正是人们的一种基本需要,分析了外国,国际社会和中国对环境安全问题的法律控制概况。介绍了一些重要领域的环境安全法观。     

环境执法问题的思考

针对目前环境执法的现状及存在的问题,从提高环境意识,完善执法体制,坚持依法行政,加强队伍建设等方面,阐明了作者的观点,以期引起各方的关注。     

环境技术引进的环境法律规制

本文首先对环境技术引进的社会背景及其相关法律问题作了简要说明,对环境技术引进的一般法律管制进行了分析,较为深入的阐述了对环境技术引进进行环境活动规制的必要性,并提出了对环境技术引进进行环境法律规制的基本原则及基本制度。     

ESTABLISHING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN LAW: NEW ZEALAND'S EXPERIENCE1

ABSTRACT: New Zealand is one of the first countries in the world to enshrine the concept of watershed management in law, through institutional arrangements and the Resource Management Act of 1991 ‐ a law constructed on a watershed management legacy begun in 1941. This paper outlines the development of New Zealand's Resource Management Act (as it applies to water management) and the lessons that have been learned in its implementation.     

Park gazettement and integrated conservation and development as factors in community conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda

Conflicts between protected-area managers and local people are common, but the drivers of conflict are rarely analyzed. This limits opportunities to identify strategies that reduce conflict and the magnitude of resulting threats to conservation. Integrated conservation and development (ICD) was adopted at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, to reduce conflict during gazettement of the national park, but the success of this approach remains contested. We retrieved documents of conflict written by park staff and local people from 1986 through 2000 (before, during, and after gazettement). We extracted data on 48 incidences of violent conflict and categorized them by gazettement period, area, instigator, and type to undertake a historical analysis of the triggers of violent conflict at Bwindi. Before and during gazettement, local villagers instigated most of the conflict incidents when law-enforcement efforts sought to halt commercial activities within Bwindi. No conflict arose from the arrest of villagers collecting subsistence resources during these periods. After gazettement, prohibitions on commercial activities continued to drive conflict even though villagers collecting subsistence resources were arrested more frequently than before gazettement, and local attitudes toward the park had improved following receipt of ICD benefits. Law-enforcement efforts targeted commercial activities to reduce this threat to Bwindi's mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), although the activities remained important income sources for people in villages near Bwindi. Losing commercial income following gazettement therefore appeared to be their primary motivation for instigating conflict with park rangers. Prohibitions on subsistence resource use triggered conflict less often. Our use of typologies for a multivariate conflict analysis demonstrates that by identifying differences between effects of conservation as drivers of conflict, conflict analysis can enable a more strategic deployment of conflict-resolution measures that could further conservation efforts. At Bwindi targeting ICD toward individuals who lost benefits from commercial activities may strengthen the role of ICD in conflict resolution and conservation.     

燃气爆炸荷载下隧道砌体损伤规律与事故影响范围研究

为降低隧道内燃气爆炸时砖砌体抛射物造成人员伤亡的概率,以中缅油气管道隧道砖砌体为研究对象,建立3种不同类型砖砌体的数值模型,将燃气爆炸荷载简化为三角形荷载,基于LS-DYNA软件,研究燃气爆炸荷载下隧道砖砌体结构的损伤规律与砖砌体抛射物的潜在影响范围.研究结果表明:砖砌体在天然气爆炸荷载作用下,可能会发生整体破坏,产生...