苯系物对仿刺参catalase基因表达及酶活性的影响

以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为受试生物,采用半静水式试验方法,设置3种不同浓度(1/5、1/25、1/125的96 h-LC50)的苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯、间–二甲苯和对–二甲苯处理健康仿刺参,检测仿刺参过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因在呼吸树、肠组织中的表达和酶活性变化情况。结果发现:在各苯系物处理组的仿刺参呼吸树和肠组织中,cat基因的转录表达变化显著;苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯对呼吸树中CAT活性具有诱导作用,其中乙基苯的诱导倍数最高,为12.0~19.8倍;6种苯系物对肠组织中CAT活性具有抑制作用,抑制程度大小顺序为:邻–二甲苯乙基苯对–二甲苯甲苯间–二甲苯苯。表明苯系物对仿刺参呼吸树、肠具有氧化胁迫作用,可能造成2种组织的氧化损伤。相关性分析表明:苯系物处理后,仿刺参肠组织中cat m RNA相对表达倍数与CAT活性变化呈显著正相关;仿刺参肠和呼吸树中cat m RNA相对表达倍数变化呈显著正相关。以上结果为苯系物对仿刺参的生物毒性评价提供了基础数据。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

双酚A和壬基酚对河蚬呼吸代谢和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究双酚A（Bisphenol A,BPA）和壬基酚（Nonylphenol,NP）对河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）呼吸代谢能力和抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨BPA和NP对河蚬的毒性作用。以河蚬为受试生物,采用半静态染毒法,研究了BPA和NP对河蚬的单一毒性等级、联合毒性作用类型和对河蚬耗氧率、排氨率以及抗氧化酶系统中SOD、CAT活性的影响。结果显示：① BPA、NP对河蚬的半致死质量浓度（96 h-LC50）分别为6.34和1.09 mg＆#183;L-1,毒性顺序为NP＞BPA,二者均为高毒物质;② BPA-NP对河蚬毒性作用类型为协同作用;③亚急性毒性指标耗氧率、排氨率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）对BPA、NP及二者混合物均比较敏感,在本试验的质量浓度范围内（BPA：0.63、0.79、1.59、3.17 mg＆#183;L-1;NP：0.109、0.136、0.271、0.542 mg＆#183;L-1;BPA＋NP：（0.0782＋0.029）、（0.0978＋0.0363）、（0.196＋0.0725）、（0.391＋0.145） mg＆#183;L-1）,河蚬耗氧率、排氨率以及两种酶活性变化均呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,其中在BPA、NP和二者混合物的质量浓度较低时,河蚬的耗氧率和排氨率、SOD和CAT活性只有微小降低,随着质量浓度的升高,河蚬耗氧率和排氨率、两个酶活性相对均有所升高,而在质量浓度极高时其耗氧率和排氨率以及两个酶活性才又受到显著性或极显著性的抑制。实验结果显示河蚬耗氧率、排氨率和SOD、CAT活性对水体中酚类内分泌干扰物反应敏感,具有较好的一致性和规律性,耗氧率、排氨率和SOD、CAT活性与其他敏感性指标一起可以作为酚类内分泌干扰物污染的一项早期监测指标。     

Protective effects of honey against cadmium-induced alteration of some biochemical parameters in rats

The objective of this study is to elucidate on the effect of honey on plasma and organ biochemical parameters of albino rats exposed to acute and sub-chronic dose of cadmium chloride. Uric acid levels, activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, organ (liver, lungs, and kidney) AST, ALT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined. Plasma uric acid and glucose levels, plasma LDH, AST, and ALT activities were significantly decreased; activities of organ SOD, CAT, AST, and ALT activities were increased in rats administered sub-chronically and acutely with cadmium (Cd). Treatment with honey restored their levels to normal.     

有机磷农药敌敌畏对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）的毒物刺激效应

研究了敌敌畏（0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10mg·L-1）对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）生长、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明,在0.001、0.01、0.1mg·L-1三个质量浓度处理下,微藻第3~5d的相对增长率显著高于对照组。1和10mg·L-1质量浓度处理下,最初微藻增长受抑制,培养7d后出现补偿增长现象。在0.01和0.1mg·L-1敌敌畏质量浓度下,叶绿素a含量和对照相比分别提高了5.9%和5.2%,类胡萝卜素含量分别比对照组提高了9.0%和11.2%。96h可溶性蛋白含量分别比对照组提高了7.1%和15.3%。和对照组相比,SOD和CAT在24h时主要受抑制作用,48h时SOD活性恢复,趋于和对照组一致,而CAT活性受到强烈诱导。结果显示当敌敌畏浓度低于0.1mg·L-1时,对赤潮异弯藻主要表现刺激生长作用,而当浓度超过1mg·L-1时,主要表现抑制作用。     

赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性对氮磷比失衡的响应

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)是浮游植物抗氧化酶系统的重要组成部分,可有效消除因环境胁迫产生的活性氧自由基对细胞的损伤。本文通过研究氮磷比失衡状态下赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长及其SOD与CAT酶活性的变化,探索了赤潮物种抗氧化酶对氮磷比失衡的响应。研究表明:N和P限制不仅抑制了赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长,而且显著提高了SOD与CAT酶活性。酶活性对营养盐失衡的响应随营养盐类型和藻类种类不同而有所差异:赤潮异弯藻对P限制最为敏感,其SOD和CAT酶活性在P限制下显著高于N限制;而N限制和P限制对海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性的影响并无差异。抗氧化酶活性的调控能够有效降低氮磷比失衡对藻类细胞的生理损伤,有利于藻华的发生和规模的维持。     

一种排污权初始分配结构设计框架

作为一种新型环境政策,排污权交易在美国已经成功地演进为总量控制型排污权交易,这被认为是最接近市场经济的环境管理手段。在国内,排污权交易也日益受到政府的重视。自1988年以来,中国的许多地方都先后试点了排污权交易,但多停留在补偿政策,很少有关于总量控制型排污权交易的尝试。在政策设计的技术层面,造成这种状况的一个主要原因是缺乏有效的排污权初始分配结构设计框架。为此,在区域清洁激励市场计划排污权初始分配结构的基础上,针对渐进式减排战略指导下的总量控制型排污权交易计划,分纵向结构设计和横向结构设计两部分,提出了一种具有通用性的排污权初始分配结构设计框架。这有助于合理进行排污权初始分配。     

藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)对土壤铅胁迫的生理响应

为了解日益增加的城市土壤铅(Pb)胁迫对城市园林地被植物的影响,采用盆栽实验研究土壤Pb胁迫对藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)叶片生理特性的影响.结果显示,Pb胁迫处理降低了藿香蓟叶片的叶绿素总量及叶绿素a和b含量,质膜透性增大,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升.随着Pb浓度增加,同一时期内藿香蓟叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均上升,但土壤Pb浓度超过750 mg kg-1或1 000 mg kg-1后保护酶活性开始逐渐下降.随着胁迫处理时间的延长,SOD活性在d 20、d 40和d 60时都高于胁迫处理d 7时的活性,POD活性是在d 20时急剧下降,CAT活性则在胁迫处理d 60时急剧下降.研究表明,藿香蓟能在一定程度上适应土壤Pb胁迫,但Pb胁迫浓度超过750 mg kg-1后将影响其生理代谢过程.图4参20     

三苯基锡和五氯酚胁迫斑马鱼生理生化的影响

以斑马鱼(Brachy danio rerio)作为受试生物,分析不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间三苯基锡(TPT)、五氯酚(PCP)对斑马鱼生理生化指标的影响,在0,1.05,2.09,4.18,6.27,8.36μg·L-1的TPT和0,5.01,10.02,20.04,40.08,80.16μg·L-1的PCP暴露下,...