Direct measurement of denitrification activity in a Gulf coast freshwater marsh receiving diverted Mississippi River water

Wetland loss along the Louisiana Gulf coast and excessive nitrate loading into the Gulf of Mexico are interrelated environmental problems. Nitrate removal by soil denitrification activity was studied in a ponded freshwater marsh receiving diverted Mississippi River water for the purpose of reversing or slowing wetland loss. Labeled ¹⁵N-nitrate was applied at 3.8 g N m⁻² into four replicate study plots after removing above ground vegetation. Nitrogen gas (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the plots were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Nitrous oxide emissions were also compared with the results determined by gas chromatograph (GC). Results showed that it took 2 weeks to remove the added nitrate with N₂O emission occurring over a period of 4 d. The apparent denitrification dynamics were assumed to follow the Michaelis–Menten equation. The maximum denitrification rate and K_m value were determined as 12.6 mg N m ⁻² h⁻¹, and 6.5 mg N l⁻¹, respectively. Therefore the maximum capacity for nitrate removal by the marsh soil would be equivalent to 110 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹, with more than 30% of nitrogen gas evolved as N₂O. For typical nitrate concentrations in Mississippi River water of about 1 mg N l⁻¹, nitrate would be removed at a rate of 14.7 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ with N₂O emission about 1.5%. A denitrification dynamic model showed that the efficiency of nitrate removal would largely depend on the water discharge rate into the ponded wetland. Higher discharge rate will result in less retention time for the water in the marsh where nitrate is denitrified.     

固定化微生物脱氮

应用固定化微生物技术开展单级生物脱氮的研究。结果表明，固定化硝化与反硝化混合污泥可以实现单级生物脱氮，效果好于未固定化污泥，氨氧化速率和总无机氮的脱中分别提高到未固定化污泥的１．７倍和１３．４倍。结果还表明光硬化树脂也是一种较好的固定化介质。     

城市污水生物脱氮除磷工艺研究进展

本文阐述了城市污水生物脱氮除磷工艺的发展过程,系统介绍了国内外各种污水生物脱氮除磷工艺,并对其进行了比较分析,对今后的发展趋势作了展望.     

燃煤电厂的除尘、脱硫、脱硝技术

综述了国内外燃煤电厂除尘、脱硫、脱硝技术与设备,及其我国的发展趋势。     

高效生物脱氮途径短程硝化——反硝化

本文对短程硝化--反硝化生物脱氮技术的研究和应用进行了简要综述,并指出了该技术的特点和应用价值.     

High fluxes but different patterns of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from soil in a cattle overwintering area

Cattle overwintering areas common in central Europe may represent significant point sources of the important greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). A 2-year field study was carried out in order to estimate the emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from soil in a cattle overwintering area located in the southwest of the Czech Republic. The measurements were performed at three sampling locations along a gradient of animal impact (severe, moderate, slight) to test the hypothesis that emissions of CO₂ and N₂O are positively related to the degree of impact. In addition to CO₂ and N₂O fluxes determined by using non-vented manual closed chambers, soil mineral nitrogen (NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻), pH and temperature were determined to assess their regulatory role and impact on gas fluxes. The overwintering area was about 4 ha and it had been used for overwintering of about 90 cows since 1995. Deposition of animal excreta resulted in a significant accumulation of nitrogen in the soil during winter, but most of the N₂O was emitted during a few short periods in spring and/or in late autumn. Maximum N₂O fluxes of up to 2.5 mg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹ were recorded at the most impacted location near the animal house, where the highest concentrations of soil mineral nitrogen also occurred. The emissions of CO₂ showed a completely different pattern to those of N₂O, being correlated with soil temperature; the highest emissions thus occurred in June–July, while very low fluxes were found in winter. Emission values ranged from about 0 to 700 mg C-CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Furthermore, the effect of animal impact on CO₂ emissions was opposite to that on N₂O fluxes, as the highest CO₂ fluxes were mostly recorded at the least impacted location, where respiration of plants most likely increased overall CO₂ production. The results show that cattle overwintering areas are important sources of greenhouse gases, including N₂O and CO₂. Fluxes of these two gases are, however, differently distributed over the year, which also suggests that they are controlled by different environmental and soil factors.     

厌氧氨氧化混培菌的获得及其运行条件

采用了好氧活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥混合接种的方法 ,成功地启动了实验室规模的厌氧氨氧化反应器 ,启动后含氨模拟废水运行的进水氨浓度和进水亚硝基氮浓度均为 2 0 mmol/ L ,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的容积负荷率为10 .69mmol/ L·d,12 .2 6mmol/ L· d和 3 94.5 5 mg/ L·d,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的去除率保持在 90 %、99%和 95 %以上 ,对运行条件研究表明 ,厌氧氨氧化反应的最适 p H为 7～ 7.5 ,最适温度约在 3 0± 1℃。厌氧氨氧化随亚硝酸盐浓度的升高而下降 ,氨的厌氧转化随 COD浓度的增加也呈抑制型曲线 ,当 COD浓度为 80 0± 5 0 mg/ L 时 ,厌氧氨氧化速率达到最大     

Study on the role of copper converter slag in simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry

To achieve “waste controlled by waste”, a novel wet process using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry for simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx from acid-making tail gas was proposed. Through the solid-liquid separation for copper slag slurry, the liquid-phase part has a critical influence on removing NOx and SO2. Also, the leached metal ions played a crucial role in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. Subsequently, the effects of single/multi-metal ions on NOx removal was investigated. The results showed that the leached metal from copper converter slag (Al3+, Cu2+, and Mg2+) and KMnO4 had a synergistic effect on NOx removal, thereby improving the NOx removal efficiency. Whereas Fe2+ had an inhibitory effect on the NOx removal owing to the reaction between Fe2+ and KMnO4, thereby consuming the KMnO4. Besides, SO2 was converted to SO42? completely partly due to the liquid catalytic oxidation by metal ions. The XRD and XPS results indicated that the Fe (II) species (Fe2SiO4, Fe3O4) in copper slag can react with H+ ions with the generation of Fe2+, and further consumed the KMnO4, thereby resulting in a decrease in the NOx removal. The characterization of the slags and solutions before and after reaction led us to propose the possible mechanisms. The role of copper slag is as follows: (1) the alkaline substances in copper slag can absorb SO2 and NO2 by KMnO4 oxidation. (2) copper slag may function as a catalyst to accelerate SO2 conversion and improve NOx removal by synergistic effect between leached metal ions and KMnO4.     

土壤氮素的转化过程中温室效应气体的释放和吸收

一氧化二氮(NO₂)是一个重要的温室效应气体,一氧化氮(NO)对温室效应的产生也有间接的作用。土壤作为这两种气体的主要来源的重要性引起了人们的广泛重视。本文主要讨论了土壤中的氮素生物转化过程与NO₂和NO的产生和再利用。以及影响土壤中温室效应气体的释放和吸收的环境条件。      

响应面法用于优化污水厂脱氮工艺的研究

在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面法对新疆某联合式污水厂的脱氮单元进行优化,结果表明,对脱氮性能的影响由强到弱依次为碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷(F/M)和内回流比(R).模型优化后的最佳工况条件C/N为7.45、R为52.61％、F/M为0.10 d-1,污水厂在该工况下进行验证试验,其NH3-N、TN平均去除率分别为87.23％、91.20％,在出水中的测定均值分别为0.37 mg/L、6.09 mg/L,均满足一级A标准.NH3-N和TN去除率与预测值相对误差分别为0.38％和0.55％,与模型预测值较接近.