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73.
几种典型有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
采用水体中3个营养级别的水生生物(绿藻、水Sou和鱼)测试卤代酚类、硝基苯类、烷基苯类典型有毒有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性,同时对上述物质对水生生物的安全性进行初步评估,并预测了上述物质对水生生物的环境安全浓度,研究结果表明,在3类12种有机污染物中,卤代酚类物质对水生生物的毒性最强,其中五氯苯酚对水生生物具有极高毒性。在3个营养级别的受试生物中,剑尾鱼对上述毒物具有较好的敏感性,结果稳定,重现性好,说明剑尾鱼是一种优良的水生毒性试验材料,图1表3参11。 相似文献
74.
Little research has been done so far into the environmental fate and side effects of pesticides in the tropics. In addition, those studies conducted in tropical regions have focused almost exclusively on single species laboratory tests. Hence, fate and effects of pesticides on higher-tier levels have barely been studied under tropical conditions. To address this lack of knowledge, four outdoor aquatic model ecosystem experiments using two different test systems were conducted in Thailand evaluating the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide linuron and the fungicide carbendazim. Results of these experiments and comparisons of recorded fate and effects with temperate studies have been published previously. The present paper discusses the pros and cons of the methodologies applied and provides indications for i) possible improvements; ii) important aspects that should be considered when performing model ecosystem experiments in the tropics; iii) future research. 相似文献
75.
Zuccato E Castiglioni S Fanelli R Reitano G Bagnati R Chiabrando C Pomati F Rossetti C Calamari D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):15-21
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.004
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is an emerging issue. Until recently, information on medicinal substances
released into the environment was scant, but several studies have now been published. Data are, however, usually scattered
and a systematic approach to this subject is generally lacking. Moreover, because of differences in the prevalence of diseases,
treatment habits and options, or simply for market reasons, the pollution profile can differ significantly in different countries.
The aim of this work is to review the papers dealing with environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy, with the
aim of providing a comprehensive view on a national scale.
Methods Papers related to environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy were reviewed, in order to offer a comprehensive
view of this subject. Topics included analysis, occurrence, monitoring, modelling, treatment, control of the emissions, and
ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
Results and Conclusion The literature suggests that pharmaceuticals are widespread contaminants, entering the environment from a myriad of scattered
points. Patients, in case of drugs for human use, or animals for veterinary drugs, are the main sources of contamination.
Pharmaceuticals can be ranked according to environmental loads, predicted by multiplying sales figures by the rate of metabolism
in man or animals. Priority pharmaceuticals, i.e. the molecules of concern for the environment, can be measured in waste and
surface water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the loads detected are generally comparable to the predicted
ones. Pharmaceuticals are designed to stimulate a response in humans and animals at low doses, with a very specific target,
so the implications for human health and the environment need to be assessed. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that pharmaceutical
principles, taken singularly or in combinations, and concentrations close to those detected in the environment, may have ecotoxicological
effects. The sewage system is an important point in the control of contamination, but sewage treatment plants are not able
efficiently to abate a substantial part of water-borne pharmaceuticals. Several variables play a role, however, in the processes
of waste water treatment, and could be specifically adjusted to improve the efficiency of drug abatement, mitigating the potential
environmental hazards.
Recommendation and Perspective Pharmaceuticals in the environment are becoming a subject of global concern, with potential environmental consequences. Further
knowledge of the causes, occurrence and effects of drugs as environmental pollutants is necessary for a better understanding
of this ecological issue, as well as to improve abatement strategies, and to mitigate subtle environmental consequences. 相似文献
76.
Wang Zijian 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1999,11(3):322-327
1 IntroductionChinaisundergoingsubstantialandrapidchangesinitssocietyanditseconomicpolicies.Amongvariousenvironmentalproblems,waterpollutionisoneofthemostcriticalissuesfacingChinatoday.Thesepollutantspoisonaquaticorganismsandaccumulateinfishandothere… 相似文献
77.
硒对烤烟的生态毒理效应及临界指标研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过营养液水培试验,研究了不同浓度Se对烤烟生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜、SOD、POD和MDA活性的影响。Se胁迫下的烟株生长受到抑制,浓度越高,抑制效应越明显;低浓度Se对烤烟叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b和类胡萝卜含量有促进作用,并提高烟株体内活性氧防御体系,使MDA酶含量下降;高浓度Se则对其有抑制作用,对活性氧防御体系产生胁迫效应,MDA上升,SOD、POD酶活性下降;相关分析表明,除MDA呈极显著正相关外,其余均呈极显著负相关。MDA含量变化为Se胁迫烤烟生长的最敏感生理指标。 相似文献
78.
土壤生态毒性测试方法综述 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。 相似文献
79.
Rod N. Millward 《Chemistry and Ecology》1998,15(1):115-127
The demonstration of an increased tolerance to a pollutant is direct evidence that this pollutant has presented a selection pressure upon a population or community. Recently, pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) has been applied to the benthic community in a metal-enriched estuary to establish causal linkage between observed changes in community structure and composition and the presence of copper. This paper describes the rationale and methodology behind applying PICT to the marine benthic environment, and shows it to be a sensitive ecotoxicological tool. It also presents a case study, demonstrating how a PICT investigation has aided the interpretation of changes in a benthic community, establishing a causal linkage between these changes in the community and the presence of a specific pollutant. 相似文献
80.
Rod N. Millward 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1-3):115-127
The demonstration of an increased tolerance to a pollutant is direct evidence that this pollutant has presented a selection pressure upon a population or community. Recently, pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) has been applied to the benthic community in a metal-enriched estuary to establish causal linkage between observed changes in community structure and composition and the presence of copper. This paper describes the rationale and methodology behind applying PICT to the marine benthic environment, and shows it to be a sensitive ecotoxicological tool. It also presents a case study, demonstrating how a PICT investigation has aided the interpretation of changes in a benthic community, establishing a causal linkage between these changes in the community and the presence of a specific pollutant. 相似文献