环境孕激素和糖皮质激素的生态毒理效应:进展与展望

孕激素和糖皮质激素的环境行为和生态毒理效应是即环境雌激素和雄激素之后近年来国内外环境激素研究的又一热点课题。由于广泛应用于临床医疗等,这两类物质通过污水处理厂不完全处理和人类农业或畜牧业活动的直接排放从而进入水体环境,进而对生态系统和人类健康产生潜在危害。环境监测数据显示,在地表水中,多种物质存在ng·L-1浓度水平;在污水处理厂进出水中,浓度水平更高,甚至达到数百ng·L-1。孕激素和糖皮质激素类物质主要通过激素受体途径发挥毒性效应,如孕激素受体(PR),糖皮质激素受体(GR)和盐皮质激素受体(MR)。对水生脊椎动物的内分泌系统干扰作用是目前研究的焦点。这两类物质能够影响脑垂体性腺轴转录水平和相应激素合成,影响性腺发育以及导致繁殖能力损伤。这一毒性效应甚至发生在环境浓度水平之下。除此之外,随着组学技术的广泛应用,更多的潜在毒性终点不断被发掘,如对昼夜节律系统和免疫应答的干扰作用。这些研究引导着对环境孕激素和糖皮质激素生态毒理学效应更加深入的理解。     

NMR代谢组学在水生软体动物生态毒理研究中的应用

随着核磁共振(NMR)技术的不断发展,基于NMR的代谢组学方法已经逐渐成为研究水生动物在代谢水平响应环境变化的一种有效方法。水生软体动物作为重要的环境监测生物,近年来人们在其相关研究中取得了不小的成果。文章总结了利用NMR的代谢组学方法研究各类环境胁迫因子对水生软体动物代谢影响的成果,主要综述了水生软体动物不同组织内代谢物组成和含量对环境胁迫的响应,同时对水生软体动物生态毒理代谢组学研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向进行了讨论和展望。     

抗生素的环境残留、生态毒性及抗性基因污染

抗生素的环境污染与生态毒害问题近年来引起了极大的关注.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对环境中几种典型抗生素(四环素、土霉素、氯四环素和磺胺类等)的污染源以及在水和土壤环境中的残留与污染水平进行了分析;对抗生素的污染生态毒性最新研究进展给予了评述;对抗生素抗性基因在环境中可能的暴露途径进行了探讨,指出应将抗生素抗性基因作为一类新的环境污染物.鉴于我国抗生素污染的严峻事实,建议应从国家层面上尽快开展有关抗生素环境污染和生态毒害机理的系统研究.     

Lead- and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill,kidney and liver tissue of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

The objective of this study was to examine the toxicological effect of two major heavy metal pollutants, lead chloride (PbCl₂) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), in the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Fish were exposed to 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L both metals and histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissues were studied. Major changes observed in gill tissue were epithelial lifting, proliferation of epithelial cells, fusion of secondary lamellae, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous cells, and necrosis of epithelial cells. Cell necrosis, degenerated kidney tubules, congestion, lymphocytic infiltration and vacuolation were the major abnormalities observed in kidney tissue. The most conspicuous changes in liver were darker nucleoli, irregularly shaped hepatocytes with dilated blood capillaries, and focal as well as single necrosis. Fish specimens exposed to PbCl₂ exhibited pronounced changes in all tissues examined compared with those exposed to CdCl₂. It is evident from this study that heavy metals can cause significant histopathological changes in fish tissue.     

Effects of subchronic exposure to carbofuran on antioxidant defence system and malondialdehyde levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The present study focused on the assessment of oxidative stress induction by pesticides such as carbamates which are widely used as insecticides and nematicides and contaminate aquatic ecosystems on certain biomarkers in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biomarkers selected for stress monitoring were malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defence system enzymes, mainly catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in liver of fish exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 100?µg?L^?1 of carbofuran for 4, 15, or 30 days. Oxidative stress was found in liver of common carp exposed to carbofuran which was manifested by a decrease in CAT and GR activities after 4 and 30 days of exposure. An adaptive response was probably produced since at day 15 no modifications in the CAT activity and increased GR activity were observed. In addition, a decrease in MDA content with the highest concentration of carbofuran used was found after 30 days of exposure. However, no significant changes were found in GST activity showing a varied response. The results concerning oxidative and antioxidant profiles indicate that subchronic exposure to the insecticide carbofuran is capable of inducing oxidative stress in fish.     

The Influence of Varying Planktonic and Periphytic Algal Biomass On Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Mesocosms

Algal populations, either suspended in the water column (planktonic) or present on the walls of an enclosure (periphytic), develop differently depending upon the physical scale of the system. This study determined whether these variations altered the speciation and therefore exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in estuarine mesocosms. Exposure was defined as the fraction of applied contaminant taken up by plankton after two hours. Using a three phase equilibrium model, the partitioning of a suite of PCBs within variously-sized mesocosms was predicted using laboratory derived distribution coefficients and measured levels of planktonic and periphytic algal biomass. in mesocosms having large wall surface area to volume ratios, sorption of hydrophobic PCBs to periphyton significantly decreased contaminant exposure. However, within the range of planktonic algal biomasses observed in this study, the regulation of PCB exposure was relatively invariant between variously-sized mesocosms. to minimize sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) to periphyton and reduce artefacts inherent with this partitioning, we suggest using mesocosms with low wall surface area to volume ratios (less than or equal to 1). in addition, periphytic biomass should be quantified regularly and a three-phase equilibrium approach used to predict the actual exposure concentrations.     

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

A soil column experiment was set up to investigate the effect of red mud from Ajka (Hungary) on a typical soil profile from the affected area. The chemical changes caused by the red mud leachate and the effects of these changes on living organisms were assessed. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Vibrio fischeri, Sinapis alba and Folsomia candida and the number of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms was determined. The total, plant-available, exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of Na, Mo, Cu and Cr increased in the soil, mostly owing to their leaching from the red mud layer, but partly to the increase in the pH and DOC concentration. The chemical changes only had significant effects on the test organisms in the 0–30 cm soil layer, except for F. candida, which also had a lower survival rate in the 30–50 cm soil layer. No severe toxic effects were detected in the test organisms; in fact a stimulating effect was revealed for the aerobic heterotrophic cell number and for S. alba germination. However, the red mud itself was toxic, so the ecotoxicological tests justified the removal of red mud from the soil surface after the disaster.     

土壤生态毒理学研究进展与展望

土壤生态毒理学是污染土壤生态风险评价以及土壤污染控制的理论依据,土壤环境中有毒物质的生态毒理效应及其分子机制的研究是土壤生态毒理研究的核心内容．首先从土壤重金属污染胁迫、有机污染胁迫以及复合污染的联合胁迫三个方面,概述了土壤污染所致的生态毒理效应最新研究进展;在理论剖析种群水平上污染土壤的分子生态毒理效应的基础上,较为系统地介绍了各种与污染土壤生态毒理效应有关的生物标记物,论述了污染土壤生态毒理分子诊断的基本原理、意义并对其今后的研究动态给予了分析;最后,对土壤生态毒理学研究今后的发展进行了展望．     

蚯蚓生态毒理试验在土壤污染风险评价中的应用

蚯蚓是评价土壤环境质量的重要指示生物.近年来,蚯蚓生态毒理学取得了快速的发展,诞生了许多新的毒理测试技术和评价方法.概述了当前广泛采用的蚯蚓毒理试验方法,重点介绍毒性试验、种群动态调查、回避试验、生物富集试验、生物标志物试验的原理与特征,论述了各种试验方法在土壤污染环境监测和生态风险评价中的应用,并探讨了蚯蚓生态毒理学未来的发展与应用前景.      

Review on Fate,Toxicity, and Remediation of Perchlorate

Several issues regarding the adverse impacts of the chemical—perchlorate—have been identified recently. Perchlorate is a persistent chemical, and remains in water and soil, thereby accumulating in plants and animals. Fetuses suffer the most from perchlorate contamination. There are ongoing debates about the impacts, toxicity and health effects of perchlorate. Many studies have been conducted on its ecotoxicity and its effects, but standards do not exist for perchlorate. This study aims to review the sources, impacts, fate, transport and remediation of perchlorate.