胺苯黄隆的除草效果与残留药害

在小区试验条件下，对胺苯黄隆的除草效果进行了观察，并对其在移栽油菜上的药害和对后茬水稻的残留危害作了描述。结果表明，胺苯黄隆有较高的除草效果。在使用剂量超过１５ｇ每公顷（有效成份计，下同）时，对当季油菜的药害和后茬水稻物二次药害非常明显，可造成油菜籽产量下降３０．９６％￣５７．８１％，并可使下茬水稻减产９．３４％￣２３．２０％。     

阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析

阿特拉津是目前世界上广泛使用的除草剂之一,在我国主要使用于东北和华北地区。近年来我国一些地区接连发现了灌溉含有阿特拉津河水的水稻疫苗受害事件。以河北省宣化农药厂的生产工艺为例,通过使用概率评价的方法,进行了阿特拉津对水稻危害的风险分析研究结果表明,这种风险不仅与工厂废水中阿特拉津的排放有关,而且还取决于河水的流量及其风险率所得结果与该厂历史上的实际情况相吻合。     

除草剂氟磺胺草醚农田残留动态研究

为防止氟磺胺草醚污染农业生态环境，进行了该农药在土壤及花生，大豆上的残留动态试验研究。结果表明，氟磺胺草醚在土壤中的半衰期为１２－１８ｄ。生长后期，在植株及花生仁，大豆中均未检出残留，食用安全；提出了在这两种作物上合理使用氟磺胺草醚的准则建议。     

Effect of herbicide acetochlor on cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and GST of earthworms Eisenia fetida

To assess the sublethal toxicity of the herbicide acetochlor to earthworms and to find out biomarkers possible inducted under acetochlor exposure, Eiseniafetida was exposed to artificial soils supplemented with different concentrations of acetochlor（5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg soil）. Effects of the acetochlor on cytochrome P450 monooxygenases p-nitroanisole O-demethylase（ODM）, aldrin epoxidase（AE） and glutathione-S-transferases （GSTs） activities were determined. The results revealed cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were elevated with increasing concentrations of acetochlor, and the AE activity increased significantly compared with control at the concentration of 80 mg/kg （P〈0.05）. However, ODM activity from E. fetida was not induced significantly by acetochlor at all treatments（P〉0.05）. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） showed that one protein band was visualized and no evident differences were found in protein profiles between treatments and control. The GST activity increased significantly with longer duration（P〈0.05） and increasing concentrations of acetochlor exposure（P〈0.05）. This study showed that the monooxygenases and GSTs activities in E. fetida could be induced by acetochlor, and thus, the AE and GST could be used in sublethal assays for soil contamination surveys and GST could be used as biomarkers of acetochlor exposure in E. fetida.     

Characterization of a strain of Sphingobacterium sp. and its degradation to herbicide mefenacet

A bacterium(designated strain YI) degrading acetanilide herbicide mefenacet was isolated from aerobic sludge. Based on the analyses of partial 16S rRNA gene, cellular fatty acid and BIOLOG-GN, and general physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain Y1 was identified as Sphingobacterium multivolum. Strain Y1 was able to degrade mefenacet used as sources of carbon and energy. Degradation of mefenacet was accompanied by producing the metabolites N-methylaniline and an unidentified compound with molecular weight 205, indicating a metabolic pathway of mefenacet initiated bv hvdrolvsis of amido bond.     

二种除草剂遗传毒性的研究

以黄鳝为试验材料,研究了艾割和使它隆二种除草剂对鱼类的致突变性。对经腹腔注射染毒上述二种除草剂的受试黄鳝,通过对其活体肾细胞染色体数目和形态的观察,分析其突变率。研究结果(经t检验)显示:艾割和使它隆二种除草剂分别在其试验最低受试剂量50mg/kg和8.0mg/kg即可引起黄鳝的染色体畸变。采用SOS/Umu显色试验研究,在SOS/Umu试验中,使它隆和艾割2个受试除草剂可以诱发SOS阳性反应,且呈明显的剂量-效应关系。试验表明这二种除草剂具有遗传毒性,应对这二种除草剂严加管控,避免其对环境的影响。     

Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matters addition were measured during 35 days lal)oratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soiI-SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil-HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half-life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soilSDBS mixtures and soil-HA mixtures were 4.6d, 6, ld and 5.4d and 5.3d, 4.9d and 5.3d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2-melhvl-6-ethvlaniline for acetochlor, and hvdroxvbutachlor and 2,6-diethvlaniline for butachlor.     

Effects of combination of plant and microorganism on degradation of simazine in soil

The degradative characteristics of simazine （SIM）, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria and most probably number （MPN） of SIM degraders in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non- rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg SIM/kg soil, the half-lives of SIM in the four treated soils were measured to be 73.0, 52.9, 16.9, and 7.8 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The experimental results indicated that higher degradation rates of SIM were observed in rhizosphere soils, especially in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of SIM were closely related to microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but did little to influence those community components responsible for SIM degradation. This suggested that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides was a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.